{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:48:09Z","timestamp":1780523289452,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is important for health care education materials to be easily understood by caretakers of children requiring craniofacial surgery. This study aimed to analyze the readability of Google search results as they pertain to \u201cCleft Palate Surgery\u201d and \u201cPalatoplasty.\u201d Additionally, the study included a search from several locations globally to identify possible geographic differences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Google searches of the terms \u201cCleft Palate Surgery\u201d and \u201cPalatoplasty\u201d were performed. Additionally, searches of only \u201cCleft Palate Surgery\u201d were run from several internet protocol addresses globally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level and Readability Ease, Gunning Fog Index, Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG) index, and Coleman-Liau Index.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Search results for \u201cCleft Palate Surgery\u201d were easier to read and comprehend compared to search results for \u201cPalatoplasty.\u201d Mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level scores were 7.0 and 10.11, respectively ( P = .0018). Mean Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease scores were 61.29 and 40.71, respectively ( P = .0003). Mean Gunning Fog Index scores were 8.370 and 10.34, respectively ( P = .0458). Mean SMOG Index scores were 6.84 and 8.47, respectively ( P = .0260). Mean Coleman-Liau Index scores were 12.95 and 15.33, respectively ( P = .0281). No significant differences were found in any of the readability measures based on global location.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although some improvement can be made, craniofacial surgeons can be confident in the online information pertaining to cleft palate repair, regardless of where the search is performed from. The average readability of the top search results for \u201cCleft Palate Surgery\u201d is around the seventh-grade reading level (US educational system) and compares favorably to other health care readability analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656211013177","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T03:41:24Z","timestamp":1620531684000},"page":"330-335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Readability of Online Patient Information Relating to Cleft Palate Surgery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6770-5561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher V.","family":"Lavin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan J.","family":"Fahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5218-1665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darren B.","family":"Abbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nestor M. Diaz","family":"Deleon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit K.","family":"Khosla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Bruckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann Peter","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick C.","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hagey Laboratory for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10556656211013177","unstructured":"Advanced Web Ranking. Google Organic CTR History. nd. 2015. Updated September, 2020. Accessed November 03, 2020, from https:\/\/www.advancedwebranking.com\/ctrstudy\/"},{"key":"bibr2-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0358.57197"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-10556656211013177","first-page":"137","volume":"55","author":"American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleft Palate Craniofac J"},{"key":"bibr4-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-9261.102333"},{"key":"bibr5-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-010-1380-y"},{"key":"bibr6-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/55.6.S368"},{"key":"bibr7-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14639230600552601"},{"key":"bibr8-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005"},{"key":"bibr9-10556656211013177","unstructured":"Cleft lip and Palate\u2014Treatment. nhs.uk. 2017. Updated August 13, 2019. Accessed February 23, 2021. https:\/\/www.nhs.uk\/conditions\/cleft-lip-and-palate\/treatment\/"},{"key":"bibr11-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076540"},{"key":"bibr12-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006373"},{"key":"bibr13-10556656211013177","unstructured":"Fox S, Jones S. Health Online 2013. Pew Research Center; 2013. http:\/\/www.pewinternet.org\/2013\/01\/15\/health-online-2013\/"},{"key":"bibr14-10556656211013177","unstructured":"Gunning R. The Technique of Clear Writing. McGraw-Hill; 1952. https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?id=ofI0AAAAMAAJ"},{"key":"bibr15-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24261"},{"key":"bibr16-10556656211013177","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Literacy. Health Literacy: A Prescription to End Confusion. In: Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, eds. National Academies Press (US); 2004."},{"key":"bibr17-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620976249"},{"key":"bibr18-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9780317"},{"key":"bibr19-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA006655"},{"key":"bibr20-10556656211013177","unstructured":"Kutner M. The health literacy of America\u2019s adults: results from the 2003 national assessment of adult literacy. 2006."},{"key":"bibr21-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2014.01.014"},{"key":"bibr22-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2019.02.002"},{"key":"bibr23-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2009.03.001"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr24-10556656211013177","first-page":"639","volume":"12","author":"McLaughlin GH","year":"1969","journal-title":"J Reading"},{"key":"bibr25-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.23574"},{"key":"bibr26-10556656211013177","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Clear & simple. 2015a. Updated December 18, 2018. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/institutes-nih\/nih-office-director\/office-communications-public-liaison\/clear-communication\/clear-simple"},{"key":"bibr27-10556656211013177","unstructured":"National Institutes of Health. Presenting your information. 2015b. Accessed November 16, 2020. https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/institutes-nih\/nih-office-director\/office-communications-public-liaison\/clear-communication\/plain-language\/presenting-your-information"},{"key":"bibr28-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa021212"},{"key":"bibr29-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001230"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr30-10556656211013177","first-page":"463","volume":"72","author":"Safeer RS","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr31-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000475747.95096.ab"},{"key":"bibr32-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665619882566"},{"key":"bibr33-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-30770-6_34"},{"key":"bibr34-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/12522"},{"key":"bibr35-10556656211013177","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services. Health literacy online. 2016. Updated June 8, 2016. Accessed November 24, 2020. https:\/\/health.gov\/healthliteracyonline\/"},{"key":"bibr36-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000472"},{"key":"bibr37-10556656211013177","volume-title":"Health Literacy: A Manual for Clinicians","author":"Weiss BD","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr38-10556656211013177","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707243370411"}],"container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656211013177","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10556656211013177","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656211013177","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:21:29Z","timestamp":1777393289000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10556656211013177"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10556656211013177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10556656211013177","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-6656","1545-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-6656","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]}}}