{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T00:07:03Z","timestamp":1783728423722,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]],"date-time":"2022-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652572800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100003690","name":"Cleft Palate Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100003690","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD) associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) has a complex etiology. This study had 3 aims: (1) assess differences in velopharyngeal and levator muscle configuration during rest versus sustained speech production (2) compare differences in velopharyngeal changes between children with and without 22q11.2DS (3) examine the relationship between adenoid thickness, pharyngeal depth, and velopharyngeal changes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 22 participants, 11 with 22q11.2DS and 11 controls with normal speech and velopharyngeal anatomy (ages 4-12 years), underwent nonsedated MRI at rest and during sustained \/i\/. Differences in velar and levator muscle contraction across the 2 different conditions were analyzed, using matched paired\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests. Mean differences across participant groups were examined. Correlation analyses were also conducted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      When comparing differences between rest and sustained phoneme production (aim 1), significant (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .05) differences were noted for all velar and levator muscle variables. For differences in velopharyngeal changes between children with and without 22q11.2DS (aim 2), VP ratio and effective VP ratio were noted to be significantly different. Pharyngeal depth and adenoid thickness were correlated with velar and levator muscle change measures and ratios (aim 3).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results from this study provide quantitative in vivo measurements of the contracted levator muscle and velum in young children with 22q11.2DS. Results demonstrated that VP ratio and EVP ratio are significantly different between children with and without 22q11.2DS and that pharyngeal depth is a strong clinical determinant of VPD in children with 22q11.2DS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221100674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,18]],"date-time":"2022-05-18T19:00:18Z","timestamp":1652900418000},"page":"1250-1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Assessment of the Velopharyngeal Mechanism at Rest and During Speech in Children With 22q11.2DS: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4350-0155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lakshmi","family":"Kollara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, College of Health Professions and Sciences, Biionix Cluster, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7866-9159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard E.","family":"Kirschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangming","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4148-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriane L.","family":"Baylis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nationwide Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbus, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Plastic Surgery, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/04-193.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2006.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.1999.3168"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000206377.14083.ce"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31819b9fbe"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.21449"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665619851660"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2017.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2015.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2020.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31817d54d5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/09-158"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archoto.2011.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/15-120"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/13-107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"369","article-title":"Patterns of velopharyngeal closure in subjects with repaired cleft palate and normal speech: a multi-view videofluoroscopic analysis","volume":"12","author":"Skolnick ML","year":"1975","unstructured":"Skolnick ML, Shprintzen RJ, McCall GN, Rakoff S. 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