{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:27:40Z","timestamp":1777523260247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Describe the intelligence quotient (IQ) of children with Pierre Robin sequence (PRS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prospective cohort study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurodevelopmental follow-up clinic within a hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with PRS (n\u2009=\u200945) who had been in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) were classified by a geneticist into 3 subgroups of isolated PRS (n\u2009=\u200920), PRS-plus additional medical features (n\u2009=\u20098), and syndromic PRS (n\u2009=\u200917) based on medical record review and genetic testing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measure<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with PRS completed IQ testing at 5 or 8 years of age with the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition<\/jats:italic>\n                      (WPPSI-III) or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fourth Edition<\/jats:italic>\n                      (WPPSI-IV) or the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition<\/jats:italic>\n                      (WISC-IV) or\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fifth Edition<\/jats:italic>\n                      (WISC-V).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      IQ scores were more than 1 to 2 standard deviations below the mean for 36% of the overall sample, which was significantly greater compared to test norms (binomial test\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.001). There was a significant association between PRS subtype and IQ (Fisher\u2019s exact\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.026). While only 20% of children with isolated PRS were within 1 standard deviation below average and 35% of children with syndromic PRS were below 1 to 2 standard deviations, 75% of PRS-plus children scored lower than 1 to 2 standard deviations below the mean.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PRS subgroups can help identify children at risk for cognitive delay. The majority of children with PRS-plus had low intellectual functioning, in contrast to the third of children with syndromic PRS who had low IQ and the majority of children with isolated PRS who had average or higher IQ.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221115596","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,28]],"date-time":"2022-07-28T01:52:11Z","timestamp":1658973131000},"page":"33-39","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Intellectual Functioning of Children With Isolated PRS, PRS-Plus, and Syndromic PRS"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"61","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7261-2530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Malarbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute"},{"name":"Dr Malarbi and Ms Chisholm are co-first authors and have contributed equally to this work."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anita K.","family":"Chisholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute"},{"name":"Dr Malarbi and Ms Chisholm are co-first authors and have contributed equally to this work."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Julia K.","family":"Gunn-Charlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice C.","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Royal Children\u2019s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Murdoch Children's Research Institute"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiong Yang","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Clinical Genetics Services"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shirley S. 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