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However, if available data are not adequately measured, or necessary variables are absent, retrospective cohort studies can be particularly prone to bias. This brief communication aims to highlight the primary sources of bias, including measurement error, selection bias, and confounding. Each source is clearly defined, examples pertinent to craniofacial outcomes are provided, and mitigation strategies are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241233234","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T01:09:20Z","timestamp":1708650560000},"page":"1061-1067","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Retrospective Cohort Studies in Craniofacial Outcomes Research: An Epidemiologist's Approach to Mitigating Bias"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6017-4529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Kinter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph A.","family":"Delaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Internal Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Srinivas","family":"Susarla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral &amp; Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7767-7816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christy","family":"McKinney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Craniofacial Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA"},{"name":"Center for Child Health, Behavior, and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780195314465.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001885"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599813486081"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","article-title":"Establishing content validity of the CLEFT-Q: a new patient-reported outcome instrument for cleft lip\/palate","volume":"5","author":"Tsangaris E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsangaris E, Wong Riff K, Goodacre T, et al. 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