{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T21:59:11Z","timestamp":1780523951849,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The application of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has expanded in recent years, and these tools such as ChatGPT to generate patient-facing information have garnered particular interest. Online cleft lip and palate (CL\/P) surgical information supplied by academic\/professional (A\/P) sources was therefore evaluated against ChatGPT regarding accuracy, comprehensiveness, and clarity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>11 plastic and reconstructive surgeons and 29 non-medical individuals blindly compared responses written by ChatGPT or A\/P sources to 30 frequently asked CL\/P surgery questions. Surgeons indicated preference, determined accuracy, and scored comprehensiveness and clarity. Non-medical individuals indicated preference. Calculations of readability scores were determined using seven readability formulas. Statistical analysis of CL\/P surgical online information was performed using paired t-tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Surgeons, 60.88% of the time, blindly preferred material generated by ChatGPT over A\/P sources. Additionally, surgeons consistently indicated that ChatGPT-generated material was more comprehensive and had greater clarity. No significant difference was found between ChatGPT and resources provided by professional organizations in terms of accuracy. Among individuals with no medical background, ChatGPT-generated materials were preferred 60.46% of the time. For materials from both ChatGPT and A\/P sources, readability scores surpassed advised levels for patient proficiency across seven readability formulas.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As the prominence of ChatGPT-based language tools rises in the healthcare space, potential applications of the tools should be assessed by experts against existing high-quality sources. Our results indicate that ChatGPT is capable of producing high-quality material in terms of accuracy, comprehensiveness, and clarity preferred by both plastic surgeons and individuals with no medical background.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241266368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]],"date-time":"2024-08-02T02:07:25Z","timestamp":1722564445000},"page":"1542-1548","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["AI-based Cleft Lip and Palate Surgical Information is Preferred by Both Plastic Surgeons and Patients in a Blind Comparison"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Alexander Z.","family":"Fazilat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6310-5921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte E.","family":"Berry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Churukian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Lavin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Kameni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camille","family":"Brenac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvio","family":"Podda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, NJ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl","family":"Bruckman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermann P.","family":"Lorenz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit K.","family":"Khosla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derrick C.","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Number of ChatGPT Users (Mon 2024). Exploding Topics. Published March 30 2023. Accessed January 5 2024. https:\/\/explodingtopics.com\/blog\/chatgpt-users"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Clinical reasoning using ChatGPT: Is it beyond credibility for physiotherapists use?","volume":"11","author":"Bilika P","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bilika P, Stefanouli V, Strimpakos N, Kapreli EV. Clinical reasoning using ChatGPT: Is it beyond credibility for physiotherapists use? Physiother Theory Pract. 2023;11:1-20. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09593985.2023.2291656","journal-title":"Physiother Theory Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2022.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13060951"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frai.2023.1169595"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11060887"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","article-title":"ChatGPT: The future of discharge summaries?","volume":"5","author":"Patel SB","year":"2023","unstructured":"Patel SB, Lam K. ChatGPT: The future of discharge summaries? Lancet Digit Health. 2023;5(3):e107-e108. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00021-3","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Marr B. Revolutionizing Healthcare: The Top 14 Uses Of ChatGPT In Medicine And Wellness. Forbes. Accessed January 5 2024. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/bernardmarr\/2023\/03\/02\/revolutionizing-healthcare-the-top-14-uses-of-chatgpt-in-medicine-and-wellness\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","article-title":"The role of ChatGPT in microsurgery: Assessing content quality and potential applications","author":"Tian WM","unstructured":"Tian WM, Sergesketter AR, Hollenbeck ST. The role of ChatGPT in microsurgery: Assessing content quality and potential applications. J Reconstr Microsurg. 2024;40(3):e1-e2. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/a-2098-6509","journal-title":"J Reconstr Microsurg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnmt.123.266151"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/47564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1998_035_0040_ioclap_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665617739564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/028443102753478327"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221112672"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Shewale R. ChatGPT Statistics For 2024 (Users Trends & More). Published January 1 2024. Accessed January 5 2024. https:\/\/www.demandsage.com\/chatgpt-statistics\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2023.110077"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2021.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinimag.2023.06.008"}],"container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656241266368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10556656241266368","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656241266368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:21:59Z","timestamp":1777393319000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10556656241266368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10556656241266368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10556656241266368","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-6656","1545-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-6656","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}}}