{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:13:23Z","timestamp":1793333603260,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cInternational Mobility Support Santander\u201d - PRPG\/USP","award":["Edital PRPG 03\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Edital PRPG 03\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of the Higher Education Personnel","award":["88881.188742\/2018-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88881.188742\/2018-0"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Characterize the upper airways (UAW) in individuals with syndromic craniosynostosis (SCS) using computed tomography scans and correlate with the airflow dynamics and craniofacial pattern.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational, cross-sectional study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tertiary craniofacial center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Individuals<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-nine individuals were included, divided in 2 groups: CON (n\u2009=\u200919; 21.2\u2009\u00b1\u20093.7 y), individuals with no craniofacial anomalies and no UAW morphological alterations, and SCS (n\u2009=\u200910; 22.1\u2009\u00b1\u20095.1 y) individuals with SCS prior to maxillomandibular surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Volume (V, cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) and minimal cross-sectional area (mCSA, mm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) was calculated (Mimics, Belgium). Computational fluid dynamics (ANSYS, EUA) was performed and flow (F, L\/min), pressure (P, Pa), and resistance (R, Pa\/[L\/min]) were calculated. Cephalometric analysis (SNA[\n                      <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]), ANB[\n                      <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>\n                      ], Ba-S-N[\n                      <jats:sup>o<\/jats:sup>\n                      ]) was also assessed (Dolphin Imaging, USA).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The morphophysiology of the UAW in SCS individuals was severely impaired compared with the CON group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The SCS group exhibited significant volumetric reduction in the total UAW (\u221229%), nasal cavity (\u221221%), and pharynx (\u221237%) compared with the CON group. The mCSA was 57% smaller in the SCS group. CFD simulations demonstrated decreased flow (\u22129%), increased pressure (136%), and resistance (156%) in the SCS group. UAW resistance presented a strong positive correlation with mCSA (CON:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.77 \/ SCS:\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.88). Cephalometric findings revealed significant differences between CON and SCS, with the SCS group exhibiting values outside the normal range.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The UAW of individuals with SCS was anatomically and functionally impaired, suggesting a significant risk for obstructive sleep apnea.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241302550","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T18:43:52Z","timestamp":1758912232000},"page":"308-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Are There Morphophysiological Airway Alterations in Syndromic Craniosynostosis? A 3D Computed Tomography and CFD Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3767-3968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michele","family":"Garcia-Us\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amelia Fischer","family":"Drake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"},{"name":"Craniofacial Center, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-6413","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiz Andr\u00e9","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Dental Medicine at Columbia University, Columbia 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