{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T22:55:35Z","timestamp":1781909735384,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Traditionally, verbal discussions, CT scans, and two-dimensional (2D) diagrams are used pre-operatively to help caregivers develop a better understanding of craniosynostosis. Given advancements in three-dimensional (3D) printing, this technology provides an improved way to visualize patient-specific skull anatomy. This study aims to assess the impact of 3D-printed skull models on caregiver understanding of craniosynostosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A randomized controlled trial was performed on caregivers of patients who came to our institution for craniosynostosis surgery. One week prior to the surgery, caregivers completed a survey that included anatomical labeling, true\/false understanding, surgical fear, and patient-provider communication questions. Caregivers were randomly assigned to three groups: no model, generic skull model, and patient-specific skull model. On the day of surgery, all caregivers were provided a standardized 10-min educational session on craniosynostosis pathophysiology, skull suture anatomy, and basic surgical approach. Caregivers randomized to a model group were also given a 3D-printed model to interact with during the session. Subsequently, all caregivers repeated the same survey. Survey responses were compared using paired t-tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-three caregivers completed the study: eight had no model, eight received a generic model, and seven received a patient-specific model. Caregivers who interacted with a 3D-printed model demonstrated significant improvement in their anatomical labeling scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.01). All caregivers showed improvement in their scores on the craniosynostosis knowledge true\/false section.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Caregivers across all groups demonstrated improved understanding of craniosynostosis. Caregivers who received 3D-printed models achieved greater anatomical understanding, highlighting the benefits of 3D-printed models for craniosynostosis caregiver education.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656251348296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,10]],"date-time":"2025-06-10T02:15:09Z","timestamp":1749521709000},"page":"1653-1660","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Three-Dimensional-Printed Skull Models Improve Caregiver Understanding of Craniosynostosis: A Randomized Controlled Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7221-230X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine J.","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonlin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-5992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keon","family":"Niknejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahana","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Shallal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirby T.","family":"Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000056839.94034.47"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Craniosynostosis - recognition, clinical characteristics, and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Kajdic N","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kajdic N, Spazzapan P, Velnar T. Craniosynostosis - recognition, clinical characteristics, and treatment. Biomol Biomed. 2018;18(2):110-116. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17305\/bjbms.2017.2083","journal-title":"Biomol Biomed"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/04-066r.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181ec6872"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Evaluation of the patient-practitioner consultation on surgical treatment options for patients with craniosynostosis","volume":"31","author":"Pfiefauf KD","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pfiefauf KD, Said A, Naidoo SD, Skolnick GB, Kestle JRW, Lee A, Birfeld C, Anderson RCE, Gociman B, Siddiqi F, et al. Evaluation of the patient-practitioner consultation on surgical treatment options for patients with craniosynostosis. J Craniofac Surg. 2020;31(5):1186-1190. https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/jcraniofacialsurgery\/fulltext\/2020\/08000\/evaluation_of_the_patient_practitioner.6.aspx","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.9542"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000008134"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005401"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100225"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2019.05.006"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"8533","article-title":"Evaluating the use of a generic three-dimensionally (3D) printed abdominal aortic aneurysm model as an adjunct patient education tool","volume":"12","author":"Khural M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Khural M, Gullipalli R, Dubrowski A. 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