{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:59:37Z","timestamp":1781261977738,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We sought to characterize the frequency of postoperative opioid prescriptions in patients undergoing cleft lip repair (CLR).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The NSQIP-P 2023 database was queried to identify patients undergoing CLR using CPT codes. Univariable analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with postoperative opioid prescription.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multicenter sample from 157 participating sites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients\/participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 1497 cases (1215 unilateral CLR and 282 bilateral CLR) were identified.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main outcomes\/measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The postoperative outcomes of interest were whether an opioid was prescribed to a patient at discharge and what factors were independently associated with opioid prescribing at discharge.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 44.6% of patients with a mean age of 5.1\u2009\u00b1\u20091.9 months were prescribed opioids at discharge, most commonly oxycodone (76.3%). Univariable analysis identified an increase in weight (kg) (OR: 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.03), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification (ordinal) (OR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.06-1.47,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.01), anesthesia time (10 min) (OR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01-1.04,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.03), and age (months) (OR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.00-1.12,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.04) as being associated with opioid prescription at discharge. Bilateral versus unilateral CLR (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.49) and outpatient versus inpatient operation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009.38) were not associated with opioid prescribing.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioid stewardship is important in pediatric care, with our results showing age, weight, anesthesia time, and ASA classifications are predictors of opioid prescription. Further research examining contributors to patient pain following CLR is necessary to optimize opioid prescribing without negatively impacting the patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656251357432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T07:21:23Z","timestamp":1752132083000},"page":"1963-1967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Postoperative Opioid Prescribing Following Cleft Lip Repair in 1497 Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-4914-7369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aidin","family":"Gharavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jainaha K.","family":"Srikumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dawit","family":"Haile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth B.","family":"Habermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie F.","family":"Polites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Mardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uldis","family":"Bite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shelagh A.","family":"Cofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2082-6654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed","family":"Gibreel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic"},{"name":"Mayo Clinic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1589"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2017-2156"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","article-title":"Is the use of opioids safe after primary cleft palate repair? A systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Rossell-Perry P","unstructured":"Rossell-Perry P, Romero-Narvaez C, Rojas-Sandoval R, Gomez-Henao P, Delgado-Jimenez MP, Marca-Ticona R. Is the use of opioids safe after primary cleft palate repair? A systematic review. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. Jan 2021;9(1):e3355. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gox.0000000000003355","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006471"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/aeh042"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"107","article-title":"Strategies to prevent opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion that may also reduce the associated costs","volume":"4","author":"Hahn KL","unstructured":"Hahn KL. Strategies to prevent opioid misuse, abuse, and diversion that may also reduce the associated costs. Am Health Drug Benefits. Mar 2011;4(2):107\u2013114.","journal-title":"Am Health Drug Benefits"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","article-title":"Opioid-free pain management after cleft lip repair","volume":"11","author":"Do A","unstructured":"Do A, Rorison E, Borucki A, Shibata GS, Pomerantz JH, Hoffman WY. Opioid-free pain management after cleft lip repair. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open. Sep 2023;11(9):e5259. doi:https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/gox.0000000000005259","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","article-title":"Bilateral suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks vs. infraorbital and palatine nerve blocks in cleft lip and palate repair: a double-blind, randomised study","volume":"36","author":"Echaniz G","year":"2019","unstructured":"Echaniz G, De Miguel M, Merritt G, Sierra P, Bora P, Borah N, Ciarallo C, de Nadal M, Ing RJ, Bosenberg A. Bilateral suprazygomatic maxillary nerve blocks vs. infraorbital and palatine nerve blocks in cleft lip and palate repair: a double-blind, randomised study. Eur J Anaesthesiol EJA. 2019;36(1).","journal-title":"Eur J Anaesthesiol EJA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons. ACS-NSQIP Pediatric. Accessed February 3 2025 https:\/\/www.facs.org\/quality-programs\/data-and-registries\/pediatric\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","volume-title":"ACS NSQIP\u00ae Pediatric: Variables & Definitions Manual","author":"American College of Surgeons","year":"2023","unstructured":"American College of Surgeons. Chapter 4: ACS NSQIP\u00ae Pediatric Variables and Definitions. In: Surgeons A, ed. ACS NSQIP\u00ae Pediatric: Variables & Definitions Manual. American College of Surgeons; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Version 4.4.2. 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