{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T07:05:59Z","timestamp":1794035159062,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761264000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DE029750"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DE029750"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore current approaches to evaluation and treatment decision-making for velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) following cleft palate repair.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cross-sectional, qualitative study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting\/participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants included 28 surgeons and 17 speech-language pathologists (SLPs) from 12 cleft teams in the United States and Canada.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Semi-structured, qualitative interviews were conducted exploring participants\u2019 current approaches to VPI evaluation and treatment decision-making. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants viewed VPI evaluation as a joint effort of surgeons and SLPs. SLPs were entrusted to conduct formal speech evaluations. All teams completed a perceptual evaluation of speech resonance that included spontaneous speech and phrase repetition. Teams varied in their use of patient questionnaires and nasometry. Most teams performed nasoendoscopy as part of their evaluation, although providers noted limited cooperation in younger children and those with developmental delay. Treatment decision-making occurred either as a joint effort between the evaluating surgeon and SLP or exclusively by the surgeon. Most surgeons employed a personalized approach to treatment decision-making, with 19 distinct approaches described. Elements frequently considered in surgical procedure selection included velopharyngeal gap size and closure pattern as seen on nasoendoscopy. Providers were satisfied with their current approach, although most identified opportunities for improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cleft teams have individualized approaches to VPI evaluation and treatment decision-making, with the only common element being completion of a perceptual speech evaluation by an SLP. These findings suggest that efforts to implement new approaches will need to be customized to each team's current process.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656251383886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T17:34:32Z","timestamp":1761327272000},"page":"3192-3207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Qualitative Exploration of Current Approaches to Evaluation and Treatment Decision-Making for Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Following Cleft Palate Repair"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3136-7329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erica M.","family":"Weidler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Research, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2173-923X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Sitzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona, USA"},{"name":"Division of Plastic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2215162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3182910acb"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ocr.12112"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199412000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318182368e"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0007-1226(94)90068-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_2002_039_0295_prrr_2.0.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000316969"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s2317-17822013000500009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000004236"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/prs.0000000000002386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/03-148.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2014.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000169694.29082.69"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2023.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2016.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000011312"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/10-285"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2014.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5876(99)00006-3"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","first-page":"85","article-title":"Cleft palate speech and velopharyngeal insufficiency: Surgical approach","volume":"2","author":"Sie KC","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sie KC. Cleft palate speech and velopharyngeal insufficiency: Surgical approach. B-ent. 2006;2(Suppl 4):85\u201094.","journal-title":"B-ent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cps.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2023.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656231154808"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcomdis.2014.05.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656211015008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656211035026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2016.0796"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","unstructured":"American Cleft Palate Craniofacial Association. Parameters of care. 2024. Accessed July 21 2025. https:\/\/acpacares.org\/parameters-of-care\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0b013e3182408812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241304224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241239459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010798"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-4-50"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","volume-title":"Diffusion of Innovations","author":"Rogers EM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rogers EM. Diffusion of Innovations. 5th ed. Free Press; 2003:xxi, 551 p.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221123916"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620902883"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0b013e32832cbd6b"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221147159"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/196240"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1748-5908-7-114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(99)00009-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/14-027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","volume-title":"Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation \u2013 Third Edition (GFTA-3)","author":"Goldman R","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goldman R, Fristoe M. Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation \u2013 Third Edition (GFTA-3). American Guidance Service, Inc; 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","volume-title":"Structured Photographic Articulation Test featuring Dudsberry\u2013Third Edition (SPAT-D 3)","author":"Tattersall PJ","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tattersall PJ, Dawson JI. Structured Photographic Articulation Test featuring Dudsberry\u2013Third Edition (SPAT-D 3). Janelle Publications, Inc; 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","volume-title":"The Fisher-Logemann Test of Articulation Competence","author":"Fisher HB","year":"1971","unstructured":"Fisher HB, Logemann JA. The Fisher-Logemann Test of Articulation Competence. Houghton Mifflin; 1971."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656231161991"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JOP.2017.024729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887-378X.2004.00325.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.00143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.HMR.0000296785.29718.5d"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241304224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656211057361"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000011619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656231173500"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A8055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00247-025-06180-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241298833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000005375"}],"container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656251383886","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10556656251383886","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656251383886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T03:39:26Z","timestamp":1788665966000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10556656251383886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10556656251383886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10556656251383886","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-6656","1545-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-6656","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]]}}}