{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:38:42Z","timestamp":1777523922295,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rackham Graduate Student Research Grant"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the validity, reliability, and usability of a newly digitized GOSLON Yardstick model set for unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) outcome assessment. It was hypothesized that digital ratings would demonstrate reliability comparable to traditional plaster models and support consistent outcome comparisons across centers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective secondary analysis of dental casts. Raters were blinded to patient and institutional identity. Calibration sessions were held prior to assessment. Reliability, workload, and usability were evaluated using validated instruments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Setting<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>One craniofacial center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-eight Caucasian UCLP patients in mixed dentition, with primary surgical care at a single institution. Seven orthodontic residents (novices) and 5 craniofacial orthodontists (experts) completed all ratings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Plaster casts were digitized using a 3Shape TRIOS scanner and uploaded to Sketchfab. Novices rated both formats across 2 sessions post-calibration. Experts completed 2 digital-only sessions after virtual calibration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intra- and inter-rater reliability (Cohen's kappa), GOSLON score distribution, task workload (NASA-TLX), and system usability (SUS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Digital GOSLON ratings showed moderate-to-high reliability (expert kappa: 0.82\u20130.86; novice: 0.75\u20130.81). No significant differences were found between plaster and digital scores for novices. Experts assigned more GOSLON 3 scores; novices assigned more GOSLON 4 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u2009.001). Experts preferred digital models; novices preferred plaster. Workload and usability scores were acceptable across both groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Even though calibration remains critical for novice raters, the Digital GOSLON is a reliable tool for outcomes assessment and may facilitate inter-center comparisons.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656251404841","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T16:14:42Z","timestamp":1765901682000},"page":"429-437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of a Digital GOSLON Yardstick for Outcomes Assessments: A Comparison of Novice and Expert Raters"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5894-0658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kenneth","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3926-0496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald","family":"Hathaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4465-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hera","family":"Kim-Berman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-1924-4475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8748-6714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marilia","family":"Sayako Yatabe-Ioshida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, University of Michigan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000721644.06681.06"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2018.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/09-181.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/09-180.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/09-187.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/15-030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656231198661"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000004019"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","first-page":"314","article-title":"The Goslon yardstick: A new system of assessing dental arch relationships in children with unilateral clefts of the lip and palate","volume":"24","author":"Mars M","year":"1987","unstructured":"Mars M, Plint DA, Houston WJ, Bergland O, Semb G. The Goslon yardstick: A new system of assessing dental arch relationships in children with unilateral clefts of the lip and palate. Cleft Palate J. 1987;24(4):314-322.","journal-title":"Cleft Palate J"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0405_asciso_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1992_029_0398_asciso_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/02-119.3.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/scs.0000000000003728"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/12-163"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000000415"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656251359503"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/11-283"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/15-036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665618770054"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research","author":"Sandra G","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sandra G, Hart LES. Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research. Human Mental Workload. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: North Holland Press, 1988."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"Brooke J. SUS: A quick and dirty usability scale. 1986."}],"container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656251404841","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10556656251404841","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656251404841","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:22:12Z","timestamp":1777393332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10556656251404841"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10556656251404841"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10556656251404841","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-6656","1545-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-6656","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]}}}