{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T08:52:58Z","timestamp":1782982378635,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100002607","name":"American Speech-Language-Hearing Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023 New Investigators Research Grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023 New Investigators Research Grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100002607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objective<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the influence of velopharyngeal (VP) port area on the perception of oral stop versus nasal consonants in child-sized vocal tracts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Design<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      C\n                      <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                      VC\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      words were generated using a computational model scaled to 4-, 6-, and 8-year-old vocal tracts. VP coupling area was systematically varied along a continuum from 0 to 0.1 cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . Stimulus presentation was randomized and presented in a forced-choice perceptual identification task with 4 response options reflecting consonant differences.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Setting<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>University laboratory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Participants<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty untrained adult listeners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Intervention<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Incremental increases in VP coupling area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Main Outcome Measures<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Listener identification of oral versus nasal consonants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Across all vocal tract ages and vowel contexts (\/\u00e6, \u026a, u\/), crossover areas at which listeners perceived a nasal instead of an oral stop ranged from 0.014 to 0.035\u2005cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      . A one-way multivariate analysis of variance revealed a significant effect of talker age on overall vowel measures, with post hoc tests showing 4-year-olds had smaller crossover areas than older children for \/\u00e6\/. Crossover areas for child vocal tracts were smaller than those reported for adults (\u223c0.045-0.046\u2005cm\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). Variability across vowels and ages, particularly in younger talkers, indicated broader perceptual ambiguity.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Small VP openings in child vocal tracts can produce perceptual cues typically associated with hypernasality, even at relatively modest gap sizes. These findings reflect developmental differences in speech production and may inform clinical management of VP insufficiency, emphasizing the perceptual impact of VP gap size on listener judgments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656261449915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T17:38:34Z","timestamp":1779298714000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Identification of Stop-Nasal Cognates as a Function of Increasing Velopharyngeal Coupling in Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5974-3309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katelyn J.","family":"Kotlarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wyoming"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0552-5991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kate","family":"Bunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9616-2289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evy I.","family":"Loomis-Goltl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wyoming"},{"name":"Rocky Vista University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7383-444X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoe","family":"Kriegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wyoming"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6530-8781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brad H.","family":"Story","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/13-126"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1994_031_0257_havi_2.3.co_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1597\/1545-1569_1993_030_0150_hitpoa_2.3.co_2"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"148","article-title":"Nasal emission of air and velopharyngeal function","volume":"4","author":"Warren DW","year":"1967","unstructured":"Warren DW. 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