{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:38:25Z","timestamp":1788406705520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778716800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Craniosynostosis is associated with psychological and neurodevelopmental disorders (PNDD). Using a multi-center database, PNDD incidence in craniosynostosis was compared to controls and by suture.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Retrospective analysis of TriNetX database (2015\u20132025).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients (&lt;18 years) with craniosynostosis were identified using International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision code Q75 without excluding possible syndromes, and unmatched controls were identified without craniofacial diagnoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients (N\u2009=\u200912,870) with sagittal (36.4%), coronal (35.5%), metopic (22.5%), lambdoid (2.1%), or multi-suture (3.5%) craniosynostosis were compared to controls (N\u2009=\u200922,401,930). Patients with craniosynostosis were significantly more likely to be younger, male, white, and non-Hispanic. Without controlling for sociodemographics, patients with craniosynostosis had higher rates of most PNDD. Speech disorders (14.5%\u201327.8% vs 4.9%) and motor disorders (5.6%\u201311.7% vs 1.2%) were frequent concerns. Except for the lambdoid group, patients with craniosynostosis had significantly higher incidence of intellectual disability (1.4%\u20137.1% vs 0.3%), autism spectrum disorder (3.4%\u20136.6% vs 2.1%), and scholastic disorder (1.6%\u20135.7% vs 1.0%). ADHD was significantly higher in the multi-suture (8.2%), metopic (6.3%), and sagittal (5.0%) craniosynostosis groups than in controls (3.6%), while conduct disorder was higher in the metopic (2.9%) and sagittal (1.7%) groups than in controls (1.1%). Only the multi-suture group (9.0%) had higher anxiety than controls (2.9%). All PNDD were higher in multiple-suture craniosynostosis than in single-suture craniosynostosis, with the metopic group having the highest PNDD (2.8%\u201321.5%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The incidence of PNDD ranged from 1.1% to 27.8% in patients with craniosynostosis and varied by suture, underscoring the importance of multidisciplinary care and routine developmental surveillance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656261449984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T13:06:11Z","timestamp":1778763971000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Incidence of Psychological and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Craniosynostosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3168-1879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas M.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierce","family":"Hollier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0204-9583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celia E.","family":"Heppner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9025-399X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami R.","family":"Hallac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex A.","family":"Kane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paymon","family":"Sanati-Mehrizy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2014.886690"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-006-0251-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-022-05448-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318262f21f"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000011249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000007009"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87565641.2024.2357801"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2010.01.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2000656X.2022.2147532"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656241261838"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003423"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2018.1441821"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.33435"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-023-05908-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21622965.2023.2183476"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-011-1660-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000009140"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000132854.14237.A8"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","article-title":"Syndromic craniosynostosis: A comprehensive review","volume":"15","author":"Katouni K","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katouni K, Nikolaou A, Mariolis T, , ProtogerouV, , ChrysikosD, , TheofilopoulouS, , FilippouD. Syndromic craniosynostosis: A comprehensive review. Cereus. 2023;15(12):e50448.","journal-title":"Cereus"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000172763.71043.b8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00857.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2016.9.PEDS16107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005537"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","first-page":"382","article-title":"Behavioral, developmental, and educational problems in children with nonsyndromic trigonocephaly","volume":"105","author":"Kelleher MO","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kelleher MO, Murray DJ, McGillivary A, , KamelMH, , AllcuttD, , EarleyMJ. Behavioral, developmental, and educational problems in children with nonsyndromic trigonocephaly. J Neurosurg. 2006;105(5 Suppl):382-384.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1055665620984643"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181955244"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1227\/01.NEU.0000371992.72539.8B"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002952"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000160270.27558.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006534-199908000-00055"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-024-06493-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2015.1085005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-024-06387-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000005288"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656211059966"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2020.1817356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-024-06303-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2009.10.PEDS09231"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-012-2017-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2022.10.PEDS22135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00381-019-04439-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000003844"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Presurgical and postsurgical assessment of the neurodevelopment of infants with single-suture craniosynostosis: Comparison with controls","volume":"107","author":"Starr JR","year":"2007","unstructured":"Starr JR, Kapp-Simon KA, Cloonan YK, , CollettBR, , CradockMM, , BuonoL, , cunninghamML, , SpeltzML. Presurgical and postsurgical assessment of the neurodevelopment of infants with single-suture craniosynostosis: Comparison with controls. J Neurosurg. 2007;107(2 Suppl):103-110.","journal-title":"J Neurosurg"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000511"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000000420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000010004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.8762"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09297049.2019.1682130"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9592.2012.03843.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","volume-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","author":"Data and statistics on children\u2019s mental health","unstructured":"Data and statistics on children\u2019s mental health. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.Published June 5, 2025. Accessed January 22, 2026. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/children-mental-health\/data-research\/index.html."}],"container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656261449984","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10556656261449984","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656261449984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T10:17:21Z","timestamp":1778926641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10556656261449984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10556656261449984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10556656261449984","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-6656","1545-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-6656","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]]},"article-number":"10556656261449984"}}