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For each OFC group, smoking (any vs none) was evaluated during 5 pregnancy timepoints (eg, first trimester). Analyses were repeated for smoking intensity (none, 1-14, \u226515 cigarettes\/day) (NBDPS only). Any smoking and smoking intensity were also evaluated for extremely-to-very (&lt;32 weeks) and moderate-to-late preterm (32 to &lt;37 weeks).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among infants with OFCs, 14.5% were born preterm. Heavy smoking (\u226515 cigarettes\/day vs none) in the second trimester was associated with PTB among infants with CP (aRR: 1.89, 95% CI: 1.03-3.45) and extremely-to-very PTB among infants with any OFC (aRR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.47-7.73). Associations were generally stronger for CP than for CL\u00b1P, though imprecise.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Heavy smoking during the second trimester may increase the risk of extremely-to-very PTB in infants with OFCs and PTB among infants with CP, further supporting the importance of promoting maternal smoking cessation or reduction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656261471958","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:05:12Z","timestamp":1785161112000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Smoking and Preterm Birth Among Infants With Orofacial Clefts"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8460-5984","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peichun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata H.","family":"Benjamin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2431-5755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine L.","family":"Ludorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0633-8013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel P.","family":"Allred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4875-7390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jenil R.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8318-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendy N.","family":"Nembhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7438-4914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gary M.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6310-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzan L.","family":"Carmichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1600-3700","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania A.","family":"Desrosiers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6555-8623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eirini","family":"Nestoridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Massachusetts Department of Public Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3609-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva M.","family":"Williford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Regalado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Department of State Health Services"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5874-4155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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