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The strongest predictors were early (0-3 months) growth measures: mean WAZ (58% of predictive value), WAZ velocity, mean length-for-age z-score (LAZ), and LAZ velocity, plus the Child Opportunity Index (a neighborhood socioeconomic measure; \u223c2%). These 5 predictors accounted for &gt;85% of predictive value in every cleft type. All 6 models discriminated similarly (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.87-0.90); GPBoost, which also accounts for hospital differences, produced risk estimates closest to the actual proportion of underweight infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Routine early-life growth measures (WAZ, LAZ, and their trajectories), together with neighborhood socioeconomic status, can identify infants with cleft at elevated risk of being underweight before 4 months, helping craniofacial and primary care teams provide timelier feeding and nutrition support and referrals to the highest-risk infants.<\/jats:p>\n                  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