{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:49:03Z","timestamp":1791816543399,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791763200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"abstract":"\n Objective<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the face, content and construct validity of a low-cost unilateral cleft lip trainer through a multicentre trainee\u2013trainer workshop.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Design<\/jats:title>\n Prospective multicentre validation study.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Setting<\/jats:title>\n Three accredited plastic surgery training centres.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients\/Participants<\/jats:title>\n Sixty-two plastic surgery residents participated in standardised simulation workshops.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Interventions<\/jats:title>\n Participants underwent lectures, video demonstrations and supervised practice of unilateral cleft lip repair using the low-cost simulator. Pre- and post-workshop questionnaires assessed self-reported knowledge and procedural understanding. Participants rated the model for face and content validity using a 5-point Likert scale. Faculty assessed simulator-based performance using a 10-point checklist.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Main Outcome Measure(s)<\/jats:title>\n Face validity, content validity, construct validity, pre- and post-workshop knowledge scores, repair time, suture-line integrity and lip-height symmetry.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n Knowledge scores increased from 55% to 87%, with significant improvement in chronological recall of repair steps (P\u2009<\u2009.001). Face validity exceeded 90% across anatomical and procedural domains, with teaching usefulness rated highest (98%). Content validity was strongly supported, with 99% of participants recommending curriculum integration. Construct validity demonstrated significant discrimination between first-, second- and third-year residents, with mean performance scores of 7.1, 8.4 and 9.6, respectively (P\u2009<\u2009.001). Repair times decreased with increasing training level, while senior trainees achieved superior repair quality.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n The low-cost unilateral cleft lip trainer demonstrated favourable face, content and construct validity within a structured workshop setting. Its affordability and reproducibility support its use as an adjunct for procedural rehearsal and assessment in plastic surgery training.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656261495084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:32:23Z","timestamp":1791815543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validation of a Low-Cost Surgical Simulation Model for Cleft Lip Repair Training: A Multicentre Trainer\u2013Trainee Workshop Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7050-5990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Madhubari","family":"Vathulya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0512-0898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Smruti","family":"Srinivasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Himalayan Institute of Medical Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hemanth","family":"Kumar K","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Rishikesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5490-5081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deviprasad","family":"Mohapatra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstanze","family":"Scheller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Halle (Saale)"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Kessler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht University Medical Centre"},{"name":"Maastricht University Medical Centre"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337464"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.74.4.360"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000003148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra054785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2923.2003.01440.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005794"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"88","article-title":"The role of simulation in surgical training","volume":"82","author":"Torkington J","year":"2000","unstructured":"Torkington J, Smith SG, Rees BI, Darzi A. 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Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2000;82(2):88-94.","journal-title":"Ann R Coll Surg Engl"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2016.0644"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2007.9985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-009-0634-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000001871"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2025.01.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-023-04667-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10556656221136650"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsurg.2024.103320"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GOX.0000000000002896"}],"container-title":["The Cleft Palate Craniofacial Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656261495084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10556656261495084","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10556656261495084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T14:32:24Z","timestamp":1791815544000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10556656261495084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"references-count":16,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10556656261495084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10556656261495084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1055-6656","1545-1569"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1055-6656","type":"print"},{"value":"1545-1569","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]]},"article-number":"10556656261495084"}}