{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:16:01Z","timestamp":1777522561272,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although in group-living primates an individual's dominance position is a consequence of its social skills with both sexes, there are few data and hardly any theory on male-female dominance relationships. In order to stimulate a systematic study on this topic, I present a simple individual- oriented model on inter-sexual dominance and how it is influenced by species characteristics of primates, such as intensity of aggression and sex ratio. The model represents a virtual world inhab ited by entities that do nothing except grouping and performing dominance interactions in which the effects of winning and losing are self-reinforcing. VirtualMales start out with a higher winning tendency and are characterized by a higher intensity of aggression than VirtualFemales. To ensure comparability to behavioral patterns of real animals, I record the same behavioral aspects of the artificial entities as have been collected for real primates. Results show that due to the high impact of acts in fiercely aggressive VirtualSpecies, the variation in dominance values is larger than in mild ones. As a consequence, the rank of the most subordinate VirtualMale is lower than that of the lowest-ranking mild VirtualMale and, counter-intuitively, VirtualMales dominate relatively fewer VirtualFemales in fierce than mild species. Correspondence of model results to findings on primates allows us to use insight obtained from the model to derive hypotheses on the relation between intensity of aggression, sex ratio, male mounting behavior and female choice of primates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/105971230000800102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,11]],"date-time":"2007-03-11T01:45:25Z","timestamp":1173577525000},"page":"13-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Self-Reinforcing Dominance Interactions Between Virtual Males and Females. Hypothesis Generation for Primate Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Charlotte K.","family":"Hemelrijk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AI Lab, Department of Information Technology and Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Z\u00fcrich"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.131.7.813"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(79)90081-X"},{"issue":"3","key":"atypb3","first-page":"209","volume":"6","author":"Bernstein, I.S.","year":"1985","journal-title":"International Journal of Primatology"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02459478"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(86)90025-4"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.1994.1253"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156854086X00025"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/285212"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Reproductive and interpersonal aspects of dominance and status","author":"Ellis, L.","year":"1994","edition":"1"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3374.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02224063"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(05)80036-0"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80775-4"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"From Animals to Animats 4: Proceedings of the fourth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior","author":"Hemelrijk, C.K."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hemelrijk, C.K. (1996b). Reciprocation in apes: from complex cognition to self-structuring. In W.C. McGrew, L. F. Marchant, & T. Nishida (Eds.), Great ape societies (pp. 185-195). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511752414.016"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"4th European Conference on Artificial Life","author":"Hemelrijk, C.K."},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002650050432"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Proceedings of the fourth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior","author":"Hemelrijk, C.K."},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Hemelrijk, C.K. (1998c). Spatial centrality of dominants without positional preference. In Artificial Life VI, vol. 6 (ed. C. Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano & C. Taylor), pp. 307-315. Los Angeles, USA: MIT-Press."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/anbe.2000.1400"},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Hogeweg, P. (1988). MIRROR beyond MIRROR, Puddles of LIFE. In C. Langton (Eds.), Artificial life, SFI studies in the sciences of complexity (pp. 297-316). Redwood City, California: Adisson-Wesley Publishing Company."},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"Hogeweg, P. & Hesper, B. (1979). Heterarchical, selfstructuring simulation systems: concepts and applications in biology. In Zeigler, B. P , Elzas, M. S., Klir, G. J., Oren, T. I. (Eds.), Methodologies in systems modelling and simulation (pp. 221-231). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company ."},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00302895"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00293582"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Assignment methods in combinatorial data analysis (1st ed.)","author":"Hubert, L.J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(94)90225-9"},{"key":"atypb27","volume-title":"Female dominance in primates and other mammals","author":"Kappeler, P.M.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb28","unstructured":"Thompson, N. S. (Eds.), Perspectives in ethology (pp. 143-158). New York: Plenum Press."},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(74)90111-8"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosenblum, L.A., Nadler, R.D. (1971). The ontogeny of sexual behavior in male bonnet macaques. In D. H. Ford (Ed.), Influence of hormones on the nervous system. (pp. 388-400). Basel: Karger.","DOI":"10.1159\/000392238"},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"Rowell, T.E. (1979). How would we know if social organization were not adaptive? In I.S. Bernstein & E. O. Smith (Eds.), Primate ecology and human origins: ecological influences on social organization (pp. 1-22). New York: Garland STPM Press."},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"Sade, D.S. (1968). Inhibition of son-mother mating among free-ranging rhesus monkeys. In J. H. Masserman (Ed.), Animal and human (pp. 18-38). New York: Grune & Stratton."},{"key":"atypb33","volume-title":"Nonparametric statistics for the behavioral sciences","author":"Siegel, S.","year":"1988","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smuts, B.B. (1987). Gender, aggression and influence. In B.B. Smuts, D.L. Cheney, R.M. Seyfarth, R.W Wrangham , & T. T. Struhsaker (Eds.), Primate societies (pp. 400-412). Chicago: Chicago University Press.","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226220468.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-5347(92)90069-N"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.1350190203"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Demonic males","author":"Wrangham, R.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01730645"}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971230000800102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971230000800102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:18:02Z","timestamp":1777393082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/105971230000800102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/105971230000800102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/105971230000800102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7123","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}