{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:03:07Z","timestamp":1777521787331,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In many multiagent systems, small changes in individual-level rules may lead to very large changes at the group-level. This phenomenon is striking in the \u201caggressor-defender game,\u201d a simple participative game in which each participant randomly selects two others from the group (A and B). In the aggressor game, everyone tries to position themselves so that A is always between themselves and B. In the defender game everyone tries to position themselves between A and B. Despite these exceedingly simple rules and the seemingly small difference between them, the two games exhibit very different dynamics. The aggressor game produces a highly dynamic group that rapidly expands over time whereas the defender game quickly collapses to a tight knot. I analyze these games and provide some insight as to how these two group level behaviors arise, thereby linking the micro- and macro-levels. I also introduce and analyze a new, related and simpler game, the stalker game, in which each participant selects and pursues a single participant, and which also produces a collapsing group. It is suggested that such a geometrical analysis may be applicable for other multiagent systems such as insect societies and collective robotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/105971230401200304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,14]],"date-time":"2004-12-14T06:22:57Z","timestamp":1103005377000},"page":"175-185","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Linking Micro- to Macro-level Behavior in the Aggressor-Defender-Stalker Game"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Carl","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Georgia Institute of                         Technology and Icosystem Corporation,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Mathematics and Algorithms of Social Insects","author":"Anderson, C."},{"key":"atypb2","series-title":"New England Complex Systems Institute Series on Complexity","volume-title":"Complex engineering systems","author":"Anderson, C."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082080899"},{"key":"atypb4","first-page":"109","volume":"3","author":"Bonabeau, E.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"107","volume":"5","author":"Bonabeau, E.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Mathematics and Algorithms of Social Insects","author":"Bonabeau, E."},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Modeling and Simulation and Network-Centric Application Topics for the Eight International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium","author":"Bonabeau, E."},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Complexification","author":"Casti, J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"Frontiers of complexity","author":"Coveney, P.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01048072"},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seven European Conference on Artificial Life(ECAL 2003)","author":"Funes, P."},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Complexity. Life on the edge","author":"Lewin, R.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"123","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on the Mathematics and Algorithms of Social Insects","author":"Palmer, D. W."},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"58","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Swarm Intelligence Symposium","author":"Palmer, D."},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"\u00dcnsal, C. (1993). Self-organization in large populations of mobile                 robots.\n                      M.Sc. thesis\n                      , Virginia State University."},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"An introduction to mathematical probability","author":"Uspensky, J. V.","year":"1937"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Sociobiology","author":"Wilson, E. O.","year":"1975"}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971230401200304","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971230401200304","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:15:24Z","timestamp":1777392924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/105971230401200304"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/105971230401200304"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/105971230401200304","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7123","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}