{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:03:15Z","timestamp":1777521795779,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]],"date-time":"2005-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1117584000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurobehavioral data from intact, decerebrate, and neonatal rats suggests that the reticular formation provides a brainstem substrate for action selection in the vertebrate central nervous system. In this article, Kilmer, McCulloch and Blum\u2019s (1969) landmark reticular formation model (see also Kilmer, 1997) is described and re-evaluated, both in simulation and, for the first time, as a mobile robot con troller. Particular model configurations are found to provide effective action selection mechanisms in a robot survival task using either simulated or physical robots. The model\u2019s competence is dependent on the organization of afferents from model sensory systems, and a genetic algorithm search identi fied a class of afferent configurations which have long survival times. The results support our proposal that the reticular formation evolved to provide effective arbitration between innate behaviors and, with the forebrain basal ganglia, may constitute the integrative, \u201ccentrencephalic\u201d core of vertebrate brain architecture. Additionally, the results demonstrate that the Kilmer et al. model provides an alternative form of robot controller to those usually considered in the adaptive behavior literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/105971230501300203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,25]],"date-time":"2005-05-25T07:57:47Z","timestamp":1117007867000},"page":"97-113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Is There an Integrative Center in the Vertebrate Brain-Stem? A Robotic                 Evaluation of a Model of the Reticular Formation Viewed as an Action Selection Device"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mark D.","family":"Humphries","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Gurney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tony J.","family":"Prescott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adaptive Behavior Research Group, Department of Psychology, University of                         Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","first-page":"263","volume":"17","author":"Baerends, G.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Behaviour Supplement"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"229","volume":"4","author":"Barto, A.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Human Neurobiology"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0361-9230(76)90117-9"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511565120.009"},{"key":"atypb5","first-page":"22","volume-title":"From animals to animats 3: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior","author":"Blumberg, B.","year":"1994"},{"issue":"1","key":"atypb6","first-page":"23","volume":"106","author":"Bowsher, D.","year":"1970","journal-title":"Journal of Anatomy"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281300409829"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.14-04-02418.1994"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/eb005820"},{"issue":"2","key":"atypb10","first-page":"75","volume":"247","author":"Delwaide, P.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219635203000299"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00007984"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.451591"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"A critique of the Kilmer-McCulloch model of reticular formation function. 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(1993).\n                      Computational mechanisms for action selection.\n                      Ph.D. thesis, University of Edinburgh."},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002210050342"}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971230501300203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971230501300203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:15:26Z","timestamp":1777392926000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/105971230501300203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/105971230501300203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/105971230501300203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7123","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,6]]}}}