{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:04:09Z","timestamp":1777521849705,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]],"date-time":"2007-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1172707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article we present a case study of an action-selection system designed with adaptive techniques to create a virtual beluga aquarium exhibit. The beluga interactive exhibit uses a realistic three-dimensional simulation system, which allows the virtual belugas, in a natural pod context, to learn and alter their behavior based on contextual visitor interaction. Ethogram information on beluga behavior was incorporated into the simulation, which uses physically based systems for natural whale locomotion and water, artificial intelligence systems including modified neural networks and a reactive hierarchical action-selection mechanism to simulate real-time natural individual beluga and group behavior. The beluga\u2019s behavioral system consists of two layers: a low-level navigation system and a high-level reaction hierarchical action-selection system. The system is designed to be run on consumer level hardware while maintaining real-time speeds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712306076251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,2,27]],"date-time":"2007-02-27T09:20:35Z","timestamp":1172568035000},"page":"99-113","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Experiencing Belugas: Action Selection for an Interactive Aquarium Exhibit"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Steve","family":"DiPaola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada, ,"}]},{"given":"Caitlin","family":"Akai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Simon Fraser University, Surrey, BC, Canada"}]},{"given":"Bill","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Biology, Truckee, CA, USA"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Proceedings of Interactive Learning in Museums of Art and Design Conference","author":"Adams, M."},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"From Animals to Animats 3: Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB94)","author":"Blumberg, B."},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"From Animals to Animats 4: Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB96)","author":"Blumberg, B."},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Proceedings of Computer Animation","author":"Brown, J."},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"From Animals to Animats 6: Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior (SAB00)","author":"Bryson, J."},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH \u201906 Education Program","author":"DiPaola, S."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09647779800501702"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.185.1.179","volume":"185","author":"Fish, F. E.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.201.20.2867","volume":"201","author":"Fish, F. E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318108"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Proceedings of SIGGRAPH\/Eurographics Workshop on Graphics Hardware","author":"Harris, M. J."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1748.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"31","volume-title":"The biology of marine mammals","author":"Hertel, H.","year":"1969"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"Humphrys, M. (1997).\n                      Action selection methods using reinforcement learning\n                      . Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Cambridge, UK."},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"The Digital Biology Resource and Research Website","author":"Kraus, B.","year":"2003"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.152.3721.531"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.200.1.65","volume":"200","author":"Long, J.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"atypb18","volume-title":"Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on System, Man and Cybernetics","author":"Lozano, M."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/882262.882362"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Proceedings of the DIS 2002 Conference on Designing Interactive Systems","author":"Moran, T. P."},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vis.4340010106"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tu, X. (1999).\n                      Artificial animals for computer animation: Bio-mechanics, locomotion, perception, and behavior\n                      . ACM Distinguished Ph.D. Dissertation Series.\n                      Lecture Notes in Computer Science\n                      (Vol. 1635). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-46593-6"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH'94","author":"Tu, X."},{"key":"atypb24","unstructured":"Tyrrell, T. (1993).\n                      Computational mechanisms for action selection.\n                      Unpublished Ph.D. thesis. University of Edinburgh, UK."},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 15th Biennial Conference of the Society of Marine Mammalogy","author":"Vergara, V."}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712306076251","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712306076251","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:15:34Z","timestamp":1777392934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1059712306076251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1059712306076251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1059712306076251","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7123","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,3]]}}}