{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:04:26Z","timestamp":1777521866086,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]],"date-time":"2007-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1188604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Developmental psychology has long recognized the presence of stages in human cognitive development, although the underlying causes and processes are still an open question and subject to much debate. This article draws inspiration from psychology and describes an approach towards developmental growth for robotics that utilizes natural constraints in a general learning mechanism. The method, summarized as Lift-Constraint, Act, Saturate (LCAS), is applicable to all levels of control and behavior, and can be implemented in any robotic configuration. An implementation based on sensory-motor learning in early infancy is described and the results from experiments are presented and discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712307082085","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,8,29]],"date-time":"2007-08-29T03:39:30Z","timestamp":1188358770000},"page":"241-255","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Staged Competence Learning in Developmental Robotics"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinggang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Chao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, University of Wales, Aberystwyth, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.6.1.52"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/11.10.906"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"Becker, J.D.                  (1973). A model for the encoding of experiential                 information . In                      R. C. Schank                  &                      K. M. Colby                  (Eds.), Computer models of thought and language (pp.                 396\u2014434).                      San Francisco: W. H. 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(1998). How the visual system develops. In                      A. Slater                  (Ed.), Perceptual development: visual, auditory, and speech perception                     in infancy (pp. 5\u201450).                      London: Psychology Press                 ."},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1748.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb15","unstructured":"Kalaska, J.                  (1995). Reaching movements: implications of connectionist                 models. In                      M. A. Arbib                  (Ed.) The handbook of brain theory and neural networks (pp.                 788\u2014793).                      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Wermter                  &                      G. Palm                 , (Eds.), Biomimetic neural learning for intelligent robotics (pp.                 315\u2014 333).                      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(2005). Using dynamic field theory to conceptualize the                     interface of perception, cognition, and action. In                      J.J. Rieser                 ,                      J.J. Lockman                 , &                      C.A. Nelson                  (Eds.) Action as an organizer of learning and development, Minnesota                     symposium on child psychology (Vol. 33, pp.                 243\u2014277).                      Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc."},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206270"},{"key":"atypb37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mind\/LIX.236.433"},{"key":"atypb38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327078in0502_2"}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712307082085","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712307082085","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:15:37Z","timestamp":1777392937000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1059712307082085"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1059712307082085"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1059712307082085","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7123","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,9]]}}}