{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T20:32:13Z","timestamp":1761597133107,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1237248000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This article examines the interdependency of population-level adaptation (evolution) and individual-level adaptation (learning). More specifically, we assume a trade-off between the two means of adaptation, that is, a higher individual-level adaptation can only be achieved with a reduced population level adaptation and vice versa. This trade-off is apparent in computational evolutionary systems, and there is also evidence that it exists in nature. As we show, despite this considered trade-off, there exist environments in which a combined adaptation scheme is optimal. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the optimal adaptive behavior produced by a particular distribution of population- and individual-level adaptation depends on the environmental dynamics. Finally, we verify that the optimal balance (i.e., an optimal learning effort) can emerge from evolution when there is a trade-off between reproduction and lifetime. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712309103566","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]],"date-time":"2009-03-17T16:39:33Z","timestamp":1237307973000},"page":"153-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Balancing Population- and Individual-Level Adaptation in Changing Environments"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ingo","family":"Paenke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deutsche Bahn Netz, Technology Division,"}]},{"family":"Yaochu Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Honda Research Institute Europe"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Branke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Warwick, Warwick Business School"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(02)02633-2"},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"Baeck, T. (1992). Self-adaptation in genetic algorithms. In F. Varela & P. Bourgine (Eds.), Proceedings of the 1st European Conference on Artificial Life (pp. 263-271). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Genetic Algorithms and their Applications","author":"Baker, J.","key":"atypb3"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/276408"},{"volume-title":"Adaptive individuals in evolving populations: Models and algorithms","year":"1996","author":"Belew, R. K.","key":"atypb5"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1420-9101.2006.01125.x"},{"volume-title":"Evolutionary optimization in dynamic environments","year":"2001","author":"Branke, J.","key":"atypb7"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.0010061"},{"volume-title":"An investigation into the use of hypermutation as an adaptive operator in genetic algorithms having continuous, time-dependent nonstationary environments. (Tech. Rep. No. AIC-90-001)","year":"1990","author":"Cobb, H.G.","key":"atypb9"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/227561a0"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the XIth International Congress of Genetics 3","author":"Crow, J.","key":"atypb11"},{"volume-title":"Advances in Artificial Life: 8th European Conference, ECAL 2005","author":"Curran, D.","key":"atypb12"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712306072335"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/bulm.2002.0315"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404656101"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/4235.771166"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/FI-1998-35123403"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00623322"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-67247-7"},{"volume-title":"Longevity, senescence, and the genome","year":"1990","author":"Finch, C.","key":"atypb20"},{"key":"atypb21","first-page":"137","volume":"2","author":"Grefenstette, J.J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Parallel problem solving from nature"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/280722"},{"volume-title":"Adaptive global optimization with local search. Unpublished doctoral dissertation","year":"1994","author":"Hart, W.","key":"atypb23"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-32363-5_1"},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"495","volume":"1","author":"Hinton, G.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1090.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1934145"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference (GECCO 2002)","author":"H\u00fcsken, M.","key":"atypb28"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2005.846356"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-3454(08)60046-7"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611630104"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEVC.2005.850260"},{"volume-title":"Philosophie zoologique, ou exposition des consid\u00e9rations relatives \u00e0 l'histoire naturelle des animaux [Zoological philosophy, an exposition with regard to the natural history of animals]","year":"1809","author":"Lamarck, J.","key":"atypb33"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691209418"},{"key":"atypb35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2005.02.006"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/1063656043138923"},{"volume-title":"In Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL'97)","author":"Mayley, G.","key":"atypb37"},{"volume-title":"Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on the Simulation and Synthesis of Living Systems","author":"Mills, R.","key":"atypb38"},{"volume-title":"Selected Papers from the 5th European Conference on Artificial Evolution","author":"Morrison, R.","key":"atypb39"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2006.12.004"},{"journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation","author":"Nguyen, Q.","key":"atypb41"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2005.856143"},{"volume-title":"IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computational Intelligence","author":"Paenke, I.","key":"atypb43"},{"volume-title":"The influence of learning on evolution - a mathematical framework","author":"Paenke, I.","key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1162\/artl.2009.15.2.15204"},{"key":"atypb45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/518952"},{"volume-title":"Advances in Artificial Life, 9th European Conference on Artificial Life","author":"Paenke, I.","key":"atypb46"},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-5193(79)90015-8"},{"volume-title":"Evolution and optimum seeking: The sixth generation","year":"1993","author":"Schwefel, H.","key":"atypb48"},{"volume-title":"Physiological ecology of animals","year":"1984","author":"Sibly, R.","key":"atypb49"},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/163688a0"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.1953.tb00069.x"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2389364"},{"volume-title":"Baldwin and his many effects","year":"2003","author":"Weber, B.","key":"atypb53"},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.2008.16.3.385"}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712309103566","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712309103566","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T02:22:37Z","timestamp":1741054957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1059712309103566"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1059712309103566"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1059712309103566","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1059-7123"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1741-2633"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,17]]}}}