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Here, we explore the role of material culture as an extension of internal time representations through anthropological and archeological case studies, focusing on Upper Paleolithic material culture. We argue that calendars complement and extend internal time representations, because they enable humans to project past events into the future more accurately than is possible with episodic memory alone, making them one of the factors that significantly improved foraging success during the Upper Paleolithic. We discuss the implications of the epistemic use of material culture for our understanding of the causes of shifts in human behavior during the Upper Paleolithic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712310396382","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,3,1]],"date-time":"2011-03-01T14:48:33Z","timestamp":1298990913000},"page":"63-76","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The role of material culture in human time representation: Calendrical systems as extensions of mental time travel"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Johan","family":"De Smedt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy and Ethics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium,"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"De Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Logic and Analytic Philosophy, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(00)01804-0"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/203682"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203009574.ch5"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2694184"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0305-4403(95)90013-6"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.0030380"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204647"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0402857101"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/481683"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712307076256"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/analys\/58.1.7"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02757200902867677"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/26216"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3406\/bspf.1992.9527"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crpv.2005.09.014"},{"key":"atypb17","first-page":"45","volume":"11","author":"d\u2019Errico, F.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rock Art Research"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"d\u2019Errico, F. 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