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In this context, we will introduce current work on plant intelligence as a new set of relevant phenomena that deserves attention and also discuss its potential relevance for the study of adaptive behavior more generally. More specifically, we first give a short overview of adaptive behavior in plants to give some body to the notion of plants as acting creatures. Second, we focus on \u2018\u2018plant neurobiology\u2019\u2019 and introduce the resurfacing of Darwin\u2019s idea that plants have a control center for behavior dispersed across the root tips (a root-brain). We then discuss minimal forms of cognition, and consider motility and having a dedicated sensorimotor organization as key features for designating the domain of minimal cognition. We conclude that plants are minimally cognitive, and close by discussing some of the implications and challenges that plant intelligence provide for the study of adaptive behavior and embodied cognitive science more generally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712311409446","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,23]],"date-time":"2011-06-23T07:38:39Z","timestamp":1308814719000},"page":"155-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Plants: Adaptive behavior, root-brains, and minimal cognition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Paco","family":"Calvo Garz\u00f3n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Universidad de Murcia, Spain,"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Keijzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Theoretical Philosophy, University of Groningen, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.184.4143.1292"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The rain forests of Golfo Dulce","author":"Allen, P.H.","year":"1977"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2007.03.002"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1118446"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.5.2.11237"},{"key":"atypb6","first-page":"9","volume":"6","author":"Balu\u0161ka, F.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Gathering in Biosemiotics"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2010.09.003"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-28516-8"},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"9","volume":"59","author":"Balu\u0161ka, F.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biologia"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/psb.4.12.10574"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2010.04.007"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2005.01.002"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Mental life: A naturalized approach to the autonomy of cognitive agents","author":"Barandiaran, X.","year":"2008"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2008.01.004"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/11263501003718570"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Intelligence as adaptive behavior: An experiment in computational neuroethology","author":"Beer, R.D.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712303114001"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.882934"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-046616-3.00002-5"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Mind as machine","author":"Boden, M.","year":"2006"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1238\/Physica.Topical.106a00009"},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"Vehicles: Essays in synthetic psychology","author":"Braitenberg, V.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tplants.2006.06.009"},{"key":"atypb24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90053-M"},{"key":"atypb25","volume-title":"Structure & function in the nervous systems of invertebrates","author":"Bullock, T.H.","year":"1965"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo, P. & Keijzer, F. 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