{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:21:49Z","timestamp":1777522909618,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578441600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010669","name":"H2020 LEIT Information and Communication Technologies","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["731593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["731593"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010669","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We consider the benefits of dream mechanisms \u2013 that is, the ability to simulate new experiences based on past ones \u2013 in a machine learning context. Specifically, we are interested in learning for artificial agents that act in the world, and operationalize \u201cdreaming\u201d as a mechanism by which such an agent can use its own model of the learning environment to generate new hypotheses and training data.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We first show that it is not necessarily a given that such a data-hallucination process is useful, since it can easily lead to a training set dominated by spurious imagined data until an ill-defined convergence point is reached. We then analyse a notably successful implementation of a machine learning-based dreaming mechanism by Ha and Schmidhuber (Ha, D., &amp; Schmidhuber, J. (2018). World models. arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1803.10122). On that basis, we then develop a general framework by which an agent can generate simulated data to learn from in a manner that is beneficial to the agent. This, we argue, then forms a general method for an operationalized dream-like mechanism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We finish by demonstrating the general conditions under which such mechanisms can be useful in machine learning, wherein the implicit simulator inference and extrapolation involved in dreaming act without reinforcing inference error even when inference is incomplete.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712319896489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T05:25:32Z","timestamp":1578461132000},"page":"267-280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["On the utility of dreaming: A general model for how learning in artificial agents can benefit from data hallucination"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Windridge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Middlesex University, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Vision, Speech and Signal Processing, University of Surrey, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Svensson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interaction Lab, University of Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1177-4119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serge","family":"Thill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interaction Lab, University of Sk\u00f6vde, Sweden"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1135929"},{"key":"bibr2-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138-018-0966-3"},{"key":"bibr3-1059712319896489","author":"Bojarski M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"CoRR"},{"key":"bibr4-1059712319896489","author":"Borrego J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"key":"bibr5-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/eth.2000.28.3.379"},{"key":"bibr6-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/304111a0"},{"key":"bibr7-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(95)00006-F"},{"key":"bibr8-1059712319896489","volume-title":"Dreaming: A cognitive-psychological analysis","author":"Foulkes D.","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr9-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/CVPR.2016.470"},{"key":"bibr10-1059712319896489","first-page":"2672","volume":"27","author":"Goodfellow I.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"bibr11-1059712319896489","author":"Ha D.","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"key":"bibr12-1059712319896489","volume-title":"Dreams and nightmares: The new theory on the origin and meaning of dreams","author":"Hartmann E.","year":"1998"},{"key":"bibr13-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2011.06.026"},{"key":"bibr14-1059712319896489","volume-title":"Computer Vision \u2013 ECCV 2018 Workshops","volume":"11129","author":"Hinterstoisser S.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr15-1059712319896489","first-page":"4565","volume":"29","author":"Ho J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems"},{"key":"bibr16-1059712319896489","volume-title":"The chemistry of conscious states: Toward a unified model of the brain and mind","author":"Hobson J. A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr17-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00003976"},{"key":"bibr18-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.01961"},{"key":"bibr19-1059712319896489","author":"Mirza M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"key":"bibr20-1059712319896489","author":"Piergiovanni A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"key":"bibr21-1059712319896489","author":"Radford A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"key":"bibr22-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00004015"},{"key":"bibr23-1059712319896489","volume-title":"Open MIND","volume":"32","author":"Revonsuo A.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr24-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imavis.2008.12.002"},{"key":"bibr25-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3384\/diss.diva-98050"},{"key":"bibr26-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogsys.2016.06.003"},{"key":"bibr27-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712313491295"},{"key":"bibr28-1059712319896489","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Thill S.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr29-1059712319896489","author":"Tremblay J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"arXiv e-prints"},{"key":"bibr30-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/27784372"},{"key":"bibr31-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCB.2012.2202109"},{"key":"bibr32-1059712319896489","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Machine Vision Applications (ICVS 2007)","author":"Windridge D.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr33-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-78534-7_16"},{"key":"bibr34-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-79100-5_6"},{"key":"bibr35-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2012.2216868"},{"key":"bibr36-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystems.2018.07.007"},{"key":"bibr37-1059712319896489","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11097-010-9163-1"},{"key":"bibr38-1059712319896489","first-page":"35","volume":"8","author":"Zink N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Dream Research"}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712319896489","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1059712319896489","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1059712319896489","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:19:02Z","timestamp":1777393142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1059712319896489"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1059712319896489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1059712319896489","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7123","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]}}}