{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:22:21Z","timestamp":1777522941899,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]],"date-time":"2020-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596585600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Tool use can be considered in terms of purposeful behaviour. This emphasis on \u2018purpose\u2019 hides a host of assumptions about the nature of cognition and its relationship with physical activity. In particular, a notion of \u2018purpose\u2019 might assume that this is teleological which, in turn, requires a model of a desired end state of an action that can be projected onto the environment. Such a model is fundamental to traditional descriptions of cognition and a version of this can be found in the \u2018template\u2019 theory of stone-tool production (i.e. where the maker of the tool has a model in mind and attempts to reproduce this model in stone). Against this cognitive perspective, a number of approaches have been proposed that share their roots in the work of Gibson (i.e. ecological psychology) or Bernstein (i.e. dynamic systems). From these perspectives, \u2018purpose\u2019 is not a matter of a projection but opportunity; put simply, an action is performed until it need not be performed further. Trivial though this might sound, it has implications for how we define purpose and how this might apply to our understanding of tool use. We argue from a dynamic systems perspective and demonstrate the use of tools to crack bones for marrow extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712320941543","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T00:49:02Z","timestamp":1596674942000},"page":"169-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Purposeful tool use in early lithic technologies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1830-2272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Baber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klint","family":"Janulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Archaeology, Keble College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1059712320941543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059487"},{"key":"bibr2-1059712320941543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2017.10.005"},{"key":"bibr3-1059712320941543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420024203"},{"key":"bibr4-1059712320941543","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2005.06.004"},{"key":"bibr5-1059712320941543","volume-title":"The coordination and regulation of movements","author":"Bernstein N. 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