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In it, we review the typological and representational cognitive approaches that have dominated the past 50 years of paleoanthropology. These have assumed that all representations and computations take place only inside the head, which implies that the archaeological record can only be an \u201cexternal\u201d product or the behavioral trace of \u201cinternal\u201d representational and computational processes. In comparison, the 4E approach helps us to overcome this dualist representational logic, allowing us to engage directly with the archaeological record as an integral part of the thinking process, and thus ground a more parsimonious cognitive archaeology. It also treats stone tools, the primary vestiges of hominin thinking, as active participants in mental life. The 4E approach offers a better grounding for understanding hominin technical expertise, a crucially important component of hominin cognitive evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1059712320967184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]],"date-time":"2020-10-28T06:19:36Z","timestamp":1603865976000},"page":"99-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["4E cognition in the Lower Palaeolithic"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4341-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Wynn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3950-122X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karenleigh A","family":"Overmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, CO, USA"},{"name":"University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-4998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lambros","family":"Malafouris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oxford, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1059712320967184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arroyo A., Hirata S., Matsuzawa T., De la Torre I. (2016). Nut cracking tools used by captive chimpanzees (\n                      Pan troglodytes\n                      ) and their comparison with Early Stone Age percussive artefacts from Olduvai Gorge. PLOS ONE, 11(11), Article e0166788. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0166788","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0166788"},{"key":"bibr2-1059712320967184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198505082.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr3-1059712320967184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botha R. (2010). On the soundness of inferring modern language from symbolic behaviour. Cambridge Archaeological Journal, 20(3), 345\u2013356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0959774310000454","DOI":"10.1017\/S0959774310000454"},{"key":"bibr4-1059712320967184","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781316471449"},{"key":"bibr5-1059712320967184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho S., Cunha E., Sousa C., Matsuzawa T. (2008). Cha\u00eenes op\u00e9ratoires and resource-exploitation strategies in chimpanzee (\n                      Pan troglodytes\n                      ) nut cracking. Journal of Human Evolution, 55(1), 148\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.02.005","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2008.02.005"},{"key":"bibr6-1059712320967184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davidson I., McGrew W. C. (2005). Stone tools and the uniqueness of human culture. 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