{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:23:26Z","timestamp":1777523006664,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The contents of consciousness are complex and dynamic and are embedded in perception and cognition. The study of consciousness and subjective experience has been central to philosophy for centuries. However, despite its relevance for understanding cognition and behaviour, the empirical study of consciousness is relatively new, embroiled by the seemingly opposing subjective and objective sources of data. Francisco Varela (1946\u20132001) pioneered the empirical study of consciousness by developing novel, naturalised and rich approaches in a non-reductive and comprehensive manner. In this article, we review the main conceptual distinctions and philosophical challenges of consciousness research and highlight the main contributions of Varela and his associates: the development of neurophenomenology as a methodological framework that builds a bridge between subjective and objective sources of data and the discovery of gamma-band phase synchronisation as a neural marker of perceptual awareness. Finally, we describe the work of Varela on time consciousness, his philosophical approach and the implementation of his neurophenomenological framework for its study by integrating subjective reports with neural measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10597123221080193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T08:46:22Z","timestamp":1649753182000},"page":"405-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Towards a view from within: The contribution of Francisco Varela to the study of consciousness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3107-0170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Renzo C","family":"Lanfranco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9s","family":"Canales-Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK"},{"name":"Vicerrectoria de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca, Chile"},{"name":"The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Boris","family":"Lucero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Neuropsychology and Cognitive Neurosciences Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica del Maule, Talca, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5780-5542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Religious Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valparaiso, Valparaiso, Chile"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valdas","family":"Noreika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK"},{"name":"Department of Psychology and Speech-Language Pathology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-10597123221080193","volume-title":"The bounds of cognition","author":"Adams F.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr2-10597123221080193","first-page":"158","volume-title":"Other minds: How humans bridge the gap between self and others","author":"Ames D. 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