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The first demonstrates the evolution of cooperative communication in a population of simple machines. The average fitness of the population and the organization of its use of signals are compared under three conditions: communication suppressed, communication permitted, and communication permitted in the presence of learning. Where communication is permitted, the fitness increases approximately 26 times faster than when communication is suppressed; with communication and learning, the rate of fitness increase is nearly 100-fold The second series of experiments illustrates the evolution of a syntactically simple language, in which a pair of signals is required for effective communication.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/105971239300200203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,11]],"date-time":"2007-03-11T01:45:25Z","timestamp":1173577525000},"page":"161-188","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Synthetic Ethology and the Evolution of Cooperative Communication"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Bruce J.","family":"MacLennan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gordon M.","family":"Burghardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1961366"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"The evolution of cooperation","author":"Axelrod, R.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Intelligence as adaptive behavior: An experiment in computational neuroethology","author":"Beer, R.D.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8890(05)80034-X"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.1992.tb00846.x"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-3472(92)90044-A"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Vehicles: Experiments in synthetic psychology","author":"Braitenberg, V.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-7155-7_2"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"On the origins of play","author":"Burghardt, G.M.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Computational neuroethology: A provisional manifesto","author":"Cliff, D.T.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"The intentional stance","author":"Dennett, D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"Natural selection in the wild","author":"Endler, J.A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-3472(05)80600-1"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Artificial life","author":"Langton, C. 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