{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T04:17:56Z","timestamp":1777522676565,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]],"date-time":"1997-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":865123200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A new neuronal model of classical conditioning is proposed. The model, called the delay-producing connections (or DPC) model, is an extension of Klopf's (1988) drive-reinforcement model and Sutton and Barto's (1981) model. The DPC model makes two contributions: lt represents the trace of each conditioned stimulus (CS) by a differential equation; and it replaces each CS in the activation rule by its CS trace, which is assumed to be equal to the CS eligibility. The DPC model reproduces the usual shape of a conditioned response, the curve of efficacy of conditioning as a function of the interstimulus interval (ISI), the dependence of the optimal ISI on CS duration, the extinction of a conditioned response [even for long-lasting CSs as opposed to Klopf's (1988) model], and several other properties of classical conditioning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/105971239700600102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,11]],"date-time":"2007-03-11T01:45:25Z","timestamp":1173577525000},"page":"3-61","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Real-Time Neuronal Model of Classical Conditioning"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Alain","family":"Mignault","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University"}]},{"given":"Anthony A. J.","family":"Marley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McGill University"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/4943.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209246"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047728"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0027676"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Simulation of the classically conditioned nictitating membrane response by a neuron-like adaptive element: A real-time variant of the Sutton-Barto model. In Program of the Eighth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Blazis, D.E.J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1973.sp010273"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2165631"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03209605"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14496-000"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0024096"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.1987.67.2.329"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"47","volume":"27","author":"Byrne, J.H.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Advances in Second Messenger and Phosphoprotein Research"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6681571"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211984"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1974.tb01394.x"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8295.1974.tb01412.x"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Temporal adaptive responses in neural models: The stimulus trace","author":"Desmond, J.E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00361347"},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00198087"},{"key":"atypb20","volume-title":"Contemporary animal learning theory","author":"Dickinson, A.","year":"1980"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0097-7403.2.4.313"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3932(93)90031-T"},{"key":"atypb23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0901_1"},{"key":"atypb24","volume-title":"Animal learning and cognition","author":"Flaherty, C.F.","year":"1985"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03329135"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.4.321"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199312000-00038"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.16.030193.003315"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.2.176"},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"197","volume":"10","author":"Gormezano, I.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0021700"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.26.005015"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03327274","volume":"5","author":"Grossberg, S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychobiology"},{"key":"atypb34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMC.1983.6313073"},{"key":"atypb35","volume-title":"Machine motivation","author":"Halperin, J.R.P.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.06-06-01695.1986"},{"key":"atypb37","volume-title":"Organization of behavior","author":"Hebb, D.O.","year":"1949"},{"key":"atypb38","volume-title":"Introduction to the theory of neural computation","author":"Hertz, J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1952.sp004764"},{"key":"atypb40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0054032"},{"key":"atypb41","volume-title":"Principles of behavior","author":"Hull, C.L.","year":"1943"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0058051"},{"key":"atypb43","volume-title":"A behavior system: An introduction to behavior theory concerning the individual organism","author":"Hull, C.L.","year":"1952"},{"key":"atypb44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00049538108255292"},{"key":"atypb45","volume-title":"Miami symposium on the prediction of behavior: Aversive stimulation","author":"Kamin, L.J."},{"key":"atypb46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.1989.52-427"},{"key":"atypb47","volume-title":"Paper presented at the Thirteenth Machine Intelligence Conference","author":"Kehoe, E.J."},{"key":"atypb48","volume-title":"Learning","author":"Klein, S.B.","year":"1991","edition":"2"},{"key":"atypb49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0023-9690(84)90029-8"},{"key":"atypb50","volume-title":"Brain function and adaptive systems: A heterostatic theory. (Air Force Research Laboratories Research Rep. No. 133 [AFCRL-72-0164])","author":"Klopf, A.H.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb51","volume-title":"The hedonistic neuron: A theory of memory, learning, and intelligence","author":"Klopf, A.H.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb52","volume-title":"AIP Conference Proceedings, 151: Neural Networksfor Computing","author":"Klopf, A.H."},{"key":"atypb53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03333113","volume":"16","author":"Klopf, A.H.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychobiology"},{"key":"atypb54","volume-title":"From Animals to Animats 2: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior","author":"Klopf, A.H."},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105971239300100302"},{"key":"atypb56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540099108946595"},{"key":"atypb57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.3704635"},{"key":"atypb58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)90406-D"},{"key":"atypb59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0046700"},{"key":"atypb60","volume-title":"Neural and brain modeling","author":"MacGregor, R.J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076778"},{"key":"atypb62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14640747708400608"},{"key":"atypb63","volume-title":"Proceedings of the International Conference on Neural Networks (ICNN'96), Washington","author":"Malaka, R."},{"key":"atypb64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0029736"},{"key":"atypb65","volume-title":"Mathematical models of classical conditioning: A critical review and extensions","author":"Mignault, A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(86)90092-6"},{"key":"atypb67","volume-title":"Learning theory and personality dynamics","author":"Mowrer, O.H.","year":"1950"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037644"},{"key":"atypb69","volume-title":"Conditioned reflexes","author":"Pavlov, I.P.","year":"1927"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.87.6.532"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0047610"},{"key":"atypb72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.1.103"},{"key":"atypb73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.16.030193.003121"},{"key":"atypb74","volume-title":"A theory of Pavlovian conditioning. Variations in the effectiveness of reinforcement and nonreinforcement","author":"Rescorla, R.A.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033333"},{"key":"atypb76","volume-title":"Principles of neurodynamics","author":"Rosenblatt, F.","year":"1962"},{"key":"atypb77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5236.001.0001"},{"key":"atypb78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03000500","volume":"9","author":"Scavio, J.M.","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pavlovian Journal of Biological Science"},{"key":"atypb79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(89)80083-X"},{"key":"atypb80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0023946"},{"key":"atypb81","volume-title":"A cascade-correlation model of balance scale phenomena. In Proceedings of the Thirteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Shultz, T.R.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(78)90126-9"},{"key":"atypb83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.88.2.135"},{"key":"atypb84","volume-title":"A temporal-difference model of classical conditioning. In Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Cognitive Science Society","author":"Sutton, R.S.","year":"1987"},{"key":"atypb85","volume-title":"Time-derivative models of Pavlovian reinforcement","author":"Sutton, R.S.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb86","volume-title":"Neuronal substrates of basic associative learning","author":"Thompson, R.F.","year":"1984"},{"key":"atypb87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0140525X00024572"},{"key":"atypb88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5193(75)80040-3"},{"key":"atypb89","volume-title":"Expectancies and the priming of STM","author":"Wagner, A.R.","year":"1976"},{"key":"atypb90","volume-title":"SOP: A model of automatic memory processing in animal behavior","author":"Wagner, A.R.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb91","volume-title":"Evolution of a structured connectionist model of Pavlovian conditioning (AESOP)","author":"Wagner, A.R.","year":"1989"},{"key":"atypb92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036412"}],"container-title":["Adaptive Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971239700600102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/105971239700600102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T16:18:22Z","timestamp":1777393102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/105971239700600102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/105971239700600102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/105971239700600102","relation":{},"ISSN":["1059-7123","1741-2633"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1059-7123","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-2633","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,6]]}}}