{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T01:54:23Z","timestamp":1793325263967,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2R01HD083445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01HD083445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HD083445"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD083445"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH129354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH129354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The Journal of School Nursing"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We sought to better understand the impact of exposure to active shooter drills (ASDs) on students\u2019 perceived stress, including those with disabilities and prior experiences with trauma.\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    We used data from a longitudinal study of ethnically diverse students (n\u2009=\u20092,033; 53.5% female) originally recruited in 2018 and followed annually thereafter. In addition to self-reporting on their perceived stress with ASDs, participants responded to questions about adverse childhood experiences, anxiety, suicidal ideation, and disability.\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Female students and those with a disability, probable anxiety, and suicidal ideation were more likely to be anxious after an ASD.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    While necessary given the increasing reality of school shootings in the United States, our results indicate that active shooter drills should be implemented with concern for vulnerable groups, including distressed students and those with a history of traumatic experiences or who have a disability.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10598405251369548","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]],"date-time":"2025-09-08T13:51:30Z","timestamp":1757339490000},"page":"521-525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Drills or Distress? Understanding the Psychological Effects of Active Shooter Drills on Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3193-0510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeff R.","family":"Temple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Houston Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Baumler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Houston Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian Paige","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Texas Houston Health Science Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2013). DSM-5 Self-Rated Level 1 Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure-Adult. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.psychiatry.org\/File%20Library\/Psychiatrists\/Practice\/DSM\/APA_DSM5_Level-1-Measure-Adult.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001064"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.65.4.431"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","unstructured":"Churchill L. Kriel L. (2024). Check your state: Here are the active shooter training requirements for schools and law enforcement. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/frontline\/article\/active-shooter-training-requirements-law-enforcement-by-state\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","unstructured":"DeVos B. Nielsen K. M. Azar A. M. (2018). Final report of the federal commission on school safety. Presented to the president of the United States. U.S. Department of education. https:\/\/www2.ed.gov\/documents\/school-safety\/school-safety-report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"Education Week. (2024). School shootings in 2024: More than last year but fewer deaths. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.edweek.org\/leadership\/school-shootings-in-2024-more-than-last-year-but-fewer-deaths\/2024\/12"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403419900316"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3912\/OJIN.Vol28No03Man04"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","volume-title":"The National Survey of Student Engagement: Conceptual framework and overview of psychometric properties","author":"Kuh G.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kuh G. (2001). The National Survey of Student Engagement: Conceptual framework and overview of psychometric properties. 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