{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:09:29Z","timestamp":1791220169409,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,31]],"date-time":"2014-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1396224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Objective:<\/jats:bold>\n                    To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamic properties of commonly used \u03b2-blockers (atenolol, carvedilol, metoprolol succinate, metoprolol tartrate, and nebivolol).\n                    <jats:bold>Data Sources:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A MEDLINE literature search (1966-May 2013) was performed using the following key terms:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">hypertension, \u03b2-blockers, atenolol, carvedilol, metoprolol tartrate, metoprolol succinate, nebivolol, pharmacology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, blood pressure, metabolic, lipid, central aortic pressure, diabetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">insulin resistance<\/jats:italic>\n                    . References from publications reviewed were included.\n                    <jats:bold>Study Selection and Data Extraction:<\/jats:bold>\n                    English-language articles identified were reviewed. Animal studies and studies in patients for a primary diagnosis of coronary artery disease were excluded.\n                    <jats:bold>Data Synthesis:<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u03b2-Blockers are no longer recommended first-line therapy for primary hypertension, based on data showing that \u03b2-blockers are inferior to other antihypertensives and no better than placebo, in spite of provision of blood pressure reduction. Because atenolol is the \u03b2-blocker used in 75% of these studies, uncertainty about widespread application to all \u03b2-blockers exists. Different pharmacological and physiological properties, both within \u03b2-blockers and compared with other antihypertensives, may explain divergent effects. Evidence shows that \u03b2-blockers have a truncated effect on central aortic pressure, an independent predictor of cardiovascular events, compared with other antihypertensive classes; differences within the class may exist, but the evidence is inconclusive. Metabolic effects differ within the \u03b2-blocker class, with evidence that carvedilol causes less metabolic dysregulation.\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Emerging evidence reveals physiological differences within the \u03b2-blocker class and in comparison to other antihypertensives. These differences provide insight into the diverse clinical effects \u03b2-blockers provide in cardiovascular disease.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028013519591","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,1]],"date-time":"2014-04-01T01:27:08Z","timestamp":1396315628000},"page":"723-733","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":87,"title":["\u03b2-Blockers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Toni L.","family":"Ripley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph J.","family":"Saseen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0895-7061(03)01017-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","first-page":"255","article-title":"A cooperative study","volume":"237","author":"Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure","year":"1977","unstructured":"Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. 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