{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T11:16:50Z","timestamp":1790680610600,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Potentially driver-impairing (PDI) medications have been associated with poorer driving performance and increased risk of motor vehicle collision. Objectives: To describe the frequency of medication use and to determine the association between routine use of PDI medications and performance on driving and cognitive tests. Methods: A total of 225 drivers with medical impairment (mean age 68 \u00b1 12.8 years, 62.2% male) were referred to an occupational therapy\u2013based driving evaluation clinic. Medication lists were reviewed to identify PDI drugs, as defined by a previous study examining medications and crash risk. Outcome variables included road testing on the modified Washington University Road Test and cognitive scores on Trail Making Test Parts A and B, Snellgrove Maze Task, Clock Drawing Task, Driving Health Inventory (DHI) Useful Field of View, DHI Motor Free Visual Perceptual Test, Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Geriatric Depression Scale, and Functional Assessment Questionnaire. Results: PDI medication use was documented in 68.9% of the sample, with the average subject taking 1.4 PDI drugs. Drivers taking routine PDI medications had a mean ESS score of 7.8 compared to 6.0 in the control group, suggesting increased somnolence ( P = .007). Total number of routine medications, regardless of PDI designation, also correlated positively with ESS scores ( P = .023). Conclusions: Use of PDI medications was associated with informant ratings of daytime drowsiness on the ESS, which has been linked to motor vehicle crash risk. Further investigation of individual drug classes is warranted using larger sample sizes and a high-powered study design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014520881","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T23:57:06Z","timestamp":1390953426000},"page":"476-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Potentially Driver-Impairing (PDI) Medication Use in Medically Impaired Adults Referred for Driving Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Amanda J.","family":"Hetland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Louis College of Pharmacy, St. Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Carr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Wallendorf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy P.","family":"Barco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7748\/ns.25.38.49.s53"},{"key":"bibr2-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.5.424"},{"key":"bibr3-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)04087-2"},{"key":"bibr4-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2008.03310.x"},{"key":"bibr5-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x"},{"key":"bibr6-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.215"},{"key":"bibr7-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.11.1348"},{"key":"bibr8-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.2003.017236"},{"key":"bibr9-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07420520600920759"},{"key":"bibr10-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2004.07.008"},{"key":"bibr11-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2011.03657.x"},{"key":"bibr12-1060028014520881","unstructured":"Barco PP, Carr DB, Wallendorf MJ, Snellgrove CA, Ott BR. Predicting road test performance in drivers with stroke. Am J Occup Ther. In press."},{"key":"bibr13-1060028014520881","unstructured":"LeRoy AA, Morse ML. Multiple medications and vehicle crashes: analysis of databases. http:\/\/www.nhtsa.gov\/DOT\/NHTSA\/Traffic%20Injury%20Control\/Articles\/Associated%20Files\/810858.pdf. Accessed Dec 17, 2012."},{"key":"bibr14-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.140.6.734"},{"key":"bibr15-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1497.2005.40069.x"},{"key":"bibr16-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1958.8.3.271"},{"key":"bibr17-1060028014520881","unstructured":"Snellgrove C. Cognitive screening for the safe driving competence of older people with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia. http:\/\/www.infrastructure.gov.au\/roads\/safety\/publications\/2005\/pdf\/cog_screen_old.pdf. Accessed January 7, 2014."},{"key":"bibr18-1060028014520881","unstructured":"DrivingHealth.com. Safe mobility means personal freedom. http:\/\/drivinghealth.com. Accessed January 7, 2014."},{"key":"bibr19-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2003.09.002"},{"key":"bibr20-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/14.6.540"},{"key":"bibr21-1060028014520881","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0579.2003.00216.x"},{"key":"bibr22-1060028014520881","unstructured":"SAS\/STAT\u00ae\n                      . 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