{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T13:07:56Z","timestamp":1791205676967,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1423440000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To review the oral and injectable pharmacologic treatment options for type 2 diabetes. Data Sources: A literature search was conducted using PubMed electronic database for studies published in English between 1993 and September 2014. Search terms included diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes, and the individual name for each antidiabetic medication reviewed. In addition, manual searches were performed for cross-references from publications. Package inserts, United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web site, Institute for Safe Medication Practices Web site, American Diabetes Association Web site and scientific session poster presentations, and individual drug company Web pages were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction: This review focused on information elucidated over the past 10 years to assist prescribers in choosing optimal therapy based on individual patient characteristics. Studies leading to the approval of or raising safety concerns for the antidiabetic medications reviewed in this article were included. Data Synthesis: In the past 10 years, there have been 4 novel oral antidiabetic medication classes and 9 new injectable agents and insulin products approved by the FDA for the treatment of type 2 diabetes as well as new information regarding the safety and use of several older antidiabetic medication classes. The distinctions were reviewed for each individual agent, and a comparison was completed if there was more than one agent in a particular therapeutic class. Using current information available, select investigational agents in phase III trials or those with a pending new drug application were highlighted. Conclusion: There are now 9 distinct oral pharmacologic classes and a variety of insulin and noninsulin injectable medications available for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Metformin remains the first-line treatment option for most patients. When considering options for alternative or additional treatment, prescribers must weigh the benefits and risks using individual patient characteristics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028014558289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]],"date-time":"2015-02-09T22:15:31Z","timestamp":1423520131000},"page":"540-556","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Pharmacologic Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Tran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Zielinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpi H.","family":"Roach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer A.","family":"Jende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann Marie","family":"Householder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily E.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuruq A.","family":"Atway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melinda","family":"Amornyard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mallory L.","family":"Accursi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanna W.","family":"Shieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers P. Wylie Veterans Affairs Ambulatory Care Center, Columbus, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-S081"},{"key":"bibr2-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2014: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. June 2, 2014. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/pubs\/estimates14.htm. Accessed August 16, 2014."},{"key":"bibr3-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-7954-8-29"},{"key":"bibr4-1060028014558289","volume-title":"National Diabetes Fact Sheet: National Estimates and General Information on Diabetes and Prediabetes in the United States, 2011","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr5-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07019-6"},{"key":"bibr6-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802987"},{"key":"bibr7-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60576-4"},{"key":"bibr8-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa-0808431"},{"key":"bibr9-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. Electronic Orange Book: FDA approved drug products. http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/scripts\/cder\/drugsatfda\/index.cfm. Accessed March 12, 2014."},{"key":"bibr10-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Triplitt CL, Reasner CA. Diabetes mellitus. In: DiPiro JT, Talbert RL, Yee GC, Matzke GR, Wells BG, Posey L eds. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2011:chap 83. http:\/\/accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com.proxy.lib.umich.edu\/content.aspx?bookid=462&Sectionid=41100859. Accessed March 12, 2014."},{"key":"bibr11-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Amaryl (glimepiride) tablet [product information]. Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis; 2009."},{"key":"bibr12-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Diabeta (glyburide) tablet [product information]. Bridge Bridgewater, NJ: Sanofi-Aventis; 2013."},{"key":"bibr13-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Glucotrol (glipizide) tablet [product information]. New York, NY: Pfizer; 2013."},{"key":"bibr14-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021225"},{"key":"bibr15-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-979831"},{"key":"bibr16-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.4.597"},{"key":"bibr17-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.17.1490"},{"key":"bibr18-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.11.1194"},{"key":"bibr19-1060028014558289","first-page":"1031","volume":"15","author":"Rosenstock J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"bibr20-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1552-4604.1998.tb04471.x"},{"key":"bibr21-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.8.849"},{"key":"bibr22-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-3-199802010-00001"},{"key":"bibr23-1060028014558289","first-page":"747","volume":"19","author":"University Group Diabetes Program","year":"1970","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"bibr24-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12116"},{"key":"bibr25-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Glucophage (metformin hydrochloride) tablet [product information]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb; 2001."},{"key":"bibr26-1060028014558289","volume-title":"Type 2 Diabetes: The Management of Type 2 Diabetes","author":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence"},{"key":"bibr27-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2012.73","volume":"3","author":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int Suppl"},{"key":"bibr28-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-2361"},{"key":"bibr29-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2125.1999.00092.x"},{"key":"bibr30-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199508313330902"},{"key":"bibr31-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0827"},{"key":"bibr32-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057222"},{"key":"bibr33-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)07037-8"},{"key":"bibr34-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.12.2244"},{"key":"bibr35-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00254-4"},{"key":"bibr36-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/030079904125003278"},{"key":"bibr37-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-199920040-00006"},{"key":"bibr38-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02440866"},{"key":"bibr39-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.10.1659"},{"key":"bibr40-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39255.669444.AE"},{"key":"bibr41-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1171"},{"key":"bibr42-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.116\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.112.000162"},{"key":"bibr43-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R223"},{"key":"bibr44-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-1483.71621"},{"key":"bibr45-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.18.1975"},{"key":"bibr46-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Precose (acarbose) tablet [product information]. Wayne, NJ: Bayer HealthCare Pharmaceuticals Inc; 2011."},{"key":"bibr47-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Glyset (miglitol) tablet [product information]. New York, NY: Pharmacia & Upjohn Co; 2012."},{"key":"bibr48-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(02)00176-6"},{"key":"bibr49-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2008.02391.x"},{"key":"bibr50-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(01)00221-2"},{"key":"bibr51-1060028014558289","first-page":"1515","volume":"83","author":"Johnston PS","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"bibr52-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.12.2050"},{"key":"bibr53-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(00)00163-7"},{"key":"bibr54-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.6.989"},{"key":"bibr55-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1463-1326.2001.00141.x"},{"key":"bibr56-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0275"},{"key":"bibr57-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2006.00666.x"},{"key":"bibr58-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(03)00015-9"},{"key":"bibr59-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.12.2056"},{"key":"bibr60-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-013-0063-3"},{"key":"bibr61-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2010.12.033"},{"key":"bibr62-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.6.960"},{"key":"bibr63-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-010-0220-6"},{"key":"bibr64-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.17.1.20"},{"key":"bibr65-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Prandin\u00ae (repaglinide) tablet [product information]. Princeton, NJ: Novo Nordisk; 2012."},{"key":"bibr66-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Starlix\u00ae (nateglinide) tablet [product information]. Singapore: Novartis Singapore Pharmaceutical Manufactu-ring Pte Ltd; 2013."},{"key":"bibr67-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(24)39254-7","volume":"293","author":"Hu S","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"bibr68-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.1.73"},{"key":"bibr69-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1265"},{"key":"bibr70-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.22.1.119"},{"key":"bibr71-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8227(03)00057-3"},{"key":"bibr72-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.11.1660"},{"key":"bibr73-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.7.2063"},{"key":"bibr74-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Actos (pioglitazone) tablet [product information]. Deerfield, IL: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc; 2013."},{"key":"bibr75-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Avandia (rosiglitazone) tablet [product information]. Research Triangle Park, NC: GlaxoSmithKline; 2013."},{"key":"bibr76-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200565010-00001"},{"key":"bibr77-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066224"},{"key":"bibr78-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.55.02.06.db05-1066"},{"key":"bibr79-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.11.1605"},{"key":"bibr80-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.24.2.308"},{"key":"bibr81-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-2918(00)83039-8"},{"key":"bibr82-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.283.13.1695"},{"key":"bibr83-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(01)00713-6"},{"key":"bibr84-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00224.x"},{"key":"bibr85-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.86.1.7157"},{"key":"bibr86-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.30.7.716"},{"key":"bibr87-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60953-3"},{"key":"bibr88-1060028014558289","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Actos (pioglitazone). http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Safety\/MedWatch\/Safetyinformation\/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts\/ucm150451.htm. Accessed February 13, 2014."},{"key":"bibr89-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61514-1"},{"key":"bibr90-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-1068"},{"key":"bibr91-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. Takeda announces completion of the post-marketing commitment to submit data to the FDA, the EMA and the PMDA for pioglitazone containing medicines including ACTOS. http:\/\/www.takeda.com\/news\/2014\/20140829_6714.html. Accessed September 8, 2014."},{"key":"bibr92-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-2308"},{"key":"bibr93-1060028014558289","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. FDA drug safety communication: FDA requires removal of some prescribing and dispensing restrictions for rosiglitazone-containing diabetes medicines. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drugsafety\/ucm376389.htm. Accessed February 13, 2014."},{"key":"bibr94-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa072761"},{"key":"bibr95-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67528-9"},{"key":"bibr96-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13894500-9787122860"},{"key":"bibr97-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0703"},{"key":"bibr98-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2008.00876.x"},{"key":"bibr99-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01350.x"},{"key":"bibr100-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Januvia (sitagliptin) tablet [product information]. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck; 2014."},{"key":"bibr101-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Onglyza (saxagliptin) tablet [product information]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2013."},{"key":"bibr102-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Tradjenta (linagliptin) oral tablets [product information]. Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2014."},{"key":"bibr103-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Nesina (alogliptin) oral tablets [product information]. Deerfield, IL: Takeda Pharmaceuticals America, Inc; 2013."},{"key":"bibr104-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03261927"},{"key":"bibr105-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-006-0416-z"},{"key":"bibr106-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-599-4-36"},{"key":"bibr107-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990903178735"},{"key":"bibr108-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1035"},{"key":"bibr109-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01187.x"},{"key":"bibr110-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.1114"},{"key":"bibr111-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.1201"},{"key":"bibr112-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.237\/dc06-0706"},{"key":"bibr113-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.111\/j.1742-1241.2010.02353.x"},{"key":"bibr114-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12119"},{"key":"bibr115-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01933.x"},{"key":"bibr116-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60439-5"},{"key":"bibr117-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01326.x"},{"key":"bibr118-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1984"},{"key":"bibr119-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.111\/j.1463-13265.2007.00744.x"},{"key":"bibr120-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.07.008"},{"key":"bibr121-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2009.02143.x"},{"key":"bibr122-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60691-6"},{"key":"bibr123-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0159"},{"key":"bibr124-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2009-0550"},{"key":"bibr125-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.10.007"},{"key":"bibr126-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01391.x"},{"key":"bibr127-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2006.01246.x"},{"key":"bibr128-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-012-9596-0"},{"key":"bibr129-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2012.665046"},{"key":"bibr130-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01124.x"},{"key":"bibr131-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2009.01173.x"},{"key":"bibr132-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01463.x"},{"key":"bibr133-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2010.01204.x"},{"key":"bibr134-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1307684"},{"key":"bibr135-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12093"},{"key":"bibr136-1060028014558289","first-page":"A639","volume":"58","author":"Bethel MA","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"bibr137-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164112475102"},{"key":"bibr138-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2011.08.004"},{"key":"bibr139-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-013-0024-0"},{"key":"bibr140-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa-1305889"},{"key":"bibr141-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1314078"},{"key":"bibr142-1060028014558289","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Welchol. http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2008\/021176s017lbl.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2014."},{"key":"bibr143-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Welchol (colesevelam hydrochloride) tablet [product information]. Parsippany, NJ: Daiichi Sankyo, Inc; 2013."},{"key":"bibr144-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0923"},{"key":"bibr145-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12337.OR"},{"key":"bibr146-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1358759"},{"key":"bibr147-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2009.0049"},{"key":"bibr148-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.18.1975"},{"key":"bibr149-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-0283"},{"key":"bibr150-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.14.1531"},{"key":"bibr151-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/DMSO.S32018"},{"key":"bibr152-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1241195"},{"key":"bibr153-1060028014558289","unstructured":"US Food and Drug Administration. Cycloset. http:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/nda\/2009\/020866Orig1s000SumR.pdf. Accessed February 20, 2014."},{"key":"bibr154-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.11.1697"},{"key":"bibr155-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.19.6.667"},{"key":"bibr156-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Cycloset (bromocriptine mesylate) tablet [product information]. Tiverton, RI: VeroScience, LLC; 2010."},{"key":"bibr157-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.23.8.1154"},{"key":"bibr158-1060028014558289","first-page":"55","volume":"62","author":"Aminorroaya A","year":"2004","journal-title":"Horm Res"},{"key":"bibr159-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4158\/EP12187.OR"},{"key":"bibr160-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-6156.1000142"},{"key":"bibr161-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-2009"},{"key":"bibr162-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.112.002279"},{"key":"bibr163-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Invokana (canagliflozin) tablet [product information]. Titusville, NJ: Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2013."},{"key":"bibr164-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2491"},{"key":"bibr165-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Farxiga (dapagliflozen) tablet [product information]. Princeton, NJ: Bristol-Myers Squibb Company; 2014."},{"key":"bibr166-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Jardiance (empagliflozin) tablet [product information]. Ridgefield, CT: Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc; 2014."},{"key":"bibr167-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12054"},{"key":"bibr168-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0612"},{"key":"bibr169-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(13)70084-6"},{"key":"bibr170-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12322"},{"key":"bibr171-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2011.01434.x"},{"key":"bibr172-1060028014558289","volume-title":"Paper presented at: American Diabetes Association 73rd Scientific Sessions","author":"Fulcher G"},{"key":"bibr173-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60683-2"},{"key":"bibr174-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-43"},{"key":"bibr175-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-2105"},{"key":"bibr176-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12187"},{"key":"bibr177-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Johnson & Johnson. First results from phase 3 CANVAS trial show canagliflozin as add-on therapy to insulin lowered blood glucose sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes at an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease. http:\/\/www.investor.jnj.com\/releasedetail.cfm?releaseid=710584. Accessed April 14, 2014."},{"key":"bibr178-1060028014558289","volume-title":"Paper presented at: American Diabetes Association 73rd Scientific Sessions","author":"Rosenstock J"},{"key":"bibr179-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-1693"},{"key":"bibr180-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2673"},{"key":"bibr181-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12273"},{"key":"bibr182-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12188"},{"key":"bibr183-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA advisory committee briefing document: Invokana (canagliflozin) tablets. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/Drugs\/ndocrinologicandMetabolicDrugsAdvisoryCommittee\/UCM334550.pdf. Accessed February 14, 2014."},{"key":"bibr184-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA news release: FDA approves Invokana to treat type 2 diabetes. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/ucm345848.htm. Accessed February 14, 2014."},{"key":"bibr185-1060028014558289","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA news release: FDA approves Farxiga to treat type 2 diabetes. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/NewsEvents\/Newsroom\/PressAnnouncements\/ucm380829.htm. Accessed February 14, 2014."},{"key":"bibr186-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-13-102"},{"key":"bibr187-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2441"},{"key":"bibr188-1060028014558289","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70161-5"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1060028014558289","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1060028014558289","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1060028014558289","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:15:32Z","timestamp":1777374932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1060028014558289"}},"subtitle":["Oral Medications"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1060028014558289"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1060028014558289","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,9]]}}}