{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:57:09Z","timestamp":1792522629219,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426464000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Key performance indicators (KPIs) are quantifiable measures of quality. There are no published, systematically derived clinical pharmacy KPIs (cpKPIs). Objective: A group of hospital pharmacists aimed to develop national cpKPIs to advance clinical pharmacy practice and improve patient care. Methods: A cpKPI working group established a cpKPI definition, 8 evidence-derived cpKPI critical activity areas, 26 candidate cpKPIs, and 11 cpKPI ideal attributes in addition to 1 overall consensus criterion. Twenty-six clinical pharmacists and hospital pharmacy leaders participated in an internet-based 3-round modified Delphi survey. Panelists rated 26 candidate cpKPIs using 11 cpKPI ideal attributes and 1 overall consensus criterion on a 9-point Likert scale. A meeting was facilitated between rounds 2 and 3 to debate the merits and wording of candidate cpKPIs. Consensus was reached if 75% or more of panelists assigned a score of 7 to 9 on the consensus criterion during the third Delphi round. Results: All panelists completed the 3 Delphi rounds, and 25\/26 (96%) attended the meeting. Eight candidate cpKPIs met the consensus definition: (1) performing admission medication reconciliation (including best-possible medication history), (2) participating in interprofessional patient care rounds, (3) completing pharmaceutical care plans, (4) resolving drug therapy problems, (5) providing in-person disease and medication education to patients, (6) providing discharge patient medication education, (7) performing discharge medication reconciliation, and (8) providing bundled, proactive direct patient care activities. Conclusions: A Delphi panel of hospital pharmacists was successful in determining 8 consensus cpKPIs. Measurement and assessment of these cpKPIs will serve to advance clinical pharmacy practice and improve patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015577445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T22:39:10Z","timestamp":1426545550000},"page":"656-669","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Development of Clinical Pharmacy Key Performance Indicators for Hospital Pharmacists Using a Modified Delphi Approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Olavo","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network Pharmacy Department, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean K.","family":"Gorman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interior Health Pharmacy Services, Kelowna, BC, Canada"},{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard S.","family":"Slavik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interior Health Pharmacy Services, Kelowna, BC, Canada"},{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William M.","family":"Semchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regina Qu\u2019Appelle Health Region Pharmacy Services, Regina, SK, Canada"},{"name":"University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Shalansky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"},{"name":"Lower Mainland Pharmacy Services, Providence Healthcare, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Bussi\u00e8res","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"D\u00e9partement de pharmacie et unit\u00e9 de recherche en pratique pharmaceutique, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al, QC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Doucette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Horizon Health Network Pharmacy Services, Moncton, NB, Canada"},{"name":"Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather","family":"Bannerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre Pharmacy Department, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Shukla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foothills Medical Centre Pharmacy Department, Calgary, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Winnie W. Y.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St Michael\u2019s Hospital Pharmacy Department, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie","family":"Benninger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Health Network\u2014Toronto Rehabilitation Institute Pharmacy Department, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil J.","family":"MacKinnon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James L Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaim M.","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES), Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremy","family":"Slobodan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alberta Health Services Pharmacy Services, Red Deer, AB, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Lyder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Society of Hospital Pharmacists, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Zed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kent","family":"Toombs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Capital District Health Authority Pharmacy Department, Halifax, NS, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028015577445","first-page":"55","volume":"64","author":"Doucette D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Can J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"bibr2-1060028015577445","volume-title":"Performance Measurement 101: Introduction to Performance Measurement in Healthcare","author":"Lindsay P","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr3-1060028015577445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/13.6.475"},{"key":"bibr4-1060028015577445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/13.6.431"},{"key":"bibr5-1060028015577445","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intqhc\/13.6.469"},{"key":"bibr6-1060028015577445","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. 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