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Data Sources: We searched PubMed for relevant articles published up until February 2015 as well as conference reports and drug-drug-interaction Web sites. Data Selection and Data Extraction: We used the following search terms: pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug-drug interaction, opioid substitution, HIV, hepatitis and the individual names of the relevant agents of the following drug classes and the drug classes itself: reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, direct-acting antivirals, opioide, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, antidepressants and antipsychotics. Additional references were identified from a review of literature citations and drug-drug interaction Web sites. In our evaluation, we included German- and English-language studies and reports addressing drug-drug interactions between opioid agonist therapy and ARVs or DAAs. Data Synthesis: Pharmacokinetic data were available for all ARVs and DAAs except rilpivirine, indinavir, saquinavir, maraviroc, dolutegravir, and MK-8742 with buprenorphine as well as maraviroc with methadone Drug-drug interactions of potential clinical relevance are most likely to occur between opioid-replacement therapy and ARVs, particularly the nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, efavirenz and nevirapine, and HIV protease inhibitors. Conclusion: Integrase inhibitors may be safely coadministered with opioid-replacement therapy. With respect to HCV DAAs, most currently approved and late-stage investigational agents do not have clinically significant interactions with opioid-replacement therapy. ARV and DAAs may interact with other drug classes commonly used in the opioid-dependent population, including benzodiazepines, antidepressants, anticonvulsants, and antipsychotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015581848","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]],"date-time":"2015-04-22T23:01:51Z","timestamp":1429743711000},"page":"796-807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Drug-Drug Interactions With Antiviral Agents in People Who Inject Drugs Requiring Substitution Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Leonie","family":"Meemken","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Expert Forum for HIV and Hepatitis Therapy (InXFo) GbR, Cologne, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikola","family":"Hanhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Association of Physicians in HIV Care, Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Tseng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Christensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Interdisciplinary Medicine (CIM), Infectious Diseases, M\u00fcnster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Gillessen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herz-Jesu-Krankenhaus Hiltrup GmbH, M\u00fcnster-Hitrup, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028015581848","first-page":"280","volume":"13","author":"Wittchen HU","year":"2011","journal-title":"Suchtmed"},{"key":"bibr2-1060028015581848","first-page":"129","volume":"8","author":"Backmund M","year":"2006","journal-title":"Suchtmed"},{"key":"bibr3-1060028015581848","unstructured":"Robert Koch Institut. 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