{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:05:19Z","timestamp":1777421119060,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]],"date-time":"2015-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1444089600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Medication nonadherence affects health care costs, morbidity, and mortality. Concepts from behavioral economics can guide the development of interventions to improve medication adherence. Objective: To measure the relative effectiveness of 2 behavioral economic-based incentive structures to improve medication adherence. Methods: This randomized controlled trial compared adherence among participants taking antihypertensive or antihyperlipidemic medications randomized to usual care (UC), guaranteed pay-out (GPO) incentives, or lottery incentives. Daily adherence was measured over a 90-day period using electronic caps (Medication Event Monitoring System [MEMS]). The GPO group received $30 up-front in a virtual account, with $0.50 deducted for each missed dose. Lottery group participants were eligible for a weekly $50 drawing, but only if they had taken their medication as prescribed all week. An electronic survey assessed self-reported adherence. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, paired t tests, ANOVA, and Pearson\u2019s correlations. Results: In all, 36 participants were randomized (UC, n = 11; GPO, n = 14; lottery, n = 11). Mean percentage (\u00b1SD) of days adherent during the incentive period was highest in the lottery group (96% \u00b1 5%), followed by the GPO group (94% \u00b1 9%) and the UC group (94% \u00b1 9%). There were no statistically significant differences among groups ( P &gt; 0.05). MEMS-measured adherence was not significantly correlated with a patient\u2019s self-reported adherence ( P &gt; 0.05) at baseline but was correlated at 90-day follow-up ( P &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: Although no statistically significant differences in adherence were demonstrated in this small sample of highly adherent participants, larger studies in a more diverse population or with other medications might show otherwise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015609354","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,7]],"date-time":"2015-10-07T21:29:41Z","timestamp":1444253381000},"page":"32-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Pilot Study to Test the Effectiveness of Different Financial Incentives to Improve Medication Adherence"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Kimberly B.","family":"Garza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin K.","family":"Owensby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Braxton Lloyd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Hansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Auburn University Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028015609354","unstructured":"NEHI. Thinking outside the pillbox: a system-wide approach to improving patient medication adherence for chronic disease. http:\/\/www.nehi.net\/writable\/publication_files\/file\/pa_issue_brief_final.pdf. Accessed June 15, 2015."},{"key":"bibr2-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.768986"},{"key":"bibr3-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2937956"},{"key":"bibr4-1060028015609354","first-page":"263","volume":"1979","author":"Kahneman D","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"bibr5-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-8-272"},{"key":"bibr6-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2118482"},{"key":"bibr7-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht295"},{"key":"bibr8-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12441"},{"key":"bibr9-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.804"},{"key":"bibr10-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0806819"},{"key":"bibr11-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.0060"},{"key":"bibr12-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2013.0654"},{"key":"bibr13-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1331\/JAPhA.2013.12131"},{"key":"bibr14-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8510(96)00822-6"},{"key":"bibr15-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.10.1.54"},{"key":"bibr16-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.6.568"},{"key":"bibr17-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.019"},{"key":"bibr18-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2012.04.017"},{"key":"bibr19-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1740774512453520"},{"key":"bibr20-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2012.18.7.527"},{"key":"bibr21-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/XGXU-FUDK-A9QT-MPTF"},{"key":"bibr22-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2013.02.016"},{"key":"bibr23-1060028015609354","first-page":"258","volume":"2","author":"Bertholet N","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich)"},{"key":"bibr24-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199010000-00003"},{"key":"bibr25-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e3181eb6b0f"},{"key":"bibr26-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-007-0233-1"},{"key":"bibr27-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2136191"},{"key":"bibr28-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181b9300c"},{"key":"bibr29-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200207010-00009"},{"key":"bibr30-1060028015609354","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2007.11.005"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1060028015609354","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1060028015609354","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1060028015609354","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:16:03Z","timestamp":1777374963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1060028015609354"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1060028015609354"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1060028015609354","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,6]]}}}