{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:08:01Z","timestamp":1777421281290,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]],"date-time":"2016-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1453075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Objective: To review the role of ketamine continuous infusions (CINs) in critically ill children for sedation and analgesia, withdrawal, and bronchospasm. Data Sources: Relevant articles were identified using MEDLINE (1946 to December 2015), EMBASE (1988 to December 2015), International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to December 2015), and the Cochrane Library (1996 to December 2015) using the terms ketamine, children, and CIN. Study Selection and Data Extraction: All English-language articles in humans identified from data sources were evaluated. Three studies and 8 case reports\/series representing 74 patients were included. Data Synthesis: Ketamine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that blocks glutamate in the limbic system, resulting in sedation and analgesia. Additionally, it provides bronchodilation by increasing catecholamine transmission and stimulation of \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors. The majority of reports evaluated ketamine for bronchospasm in children with status asthmaticus or bronchospasm refractory to conventional treatments. A total of 72 patients (97.3%) received a loading dose ranging from 0.2 to 2 mg\/kg prior to CIN initiation. The CIN dosing range was 0.2 to 3.6 mg\/kg\/h. Children who received ketamine for sedation or opioid withdrawal received a lower dose than children initiated on it for bronchospasm: 0.24 to 0.9 versus 0.2 to 3.6 mg\/kg\/h, respectively. Duration of use ranged from 1 to 96 hours. Six of the reports mentioned that the ketamine CIN was tapered prior to discontinuation. Approximately 10.8% of patients included in the analysis experienced adverse events, with only 3 children (4.1%) experiencing emergence phenomenon. Conclusions: Limited evidence was noted, so ketamine CINs could be considered an adjunct therapy at this time. Further prospective studies should be conducted to determine ketamine\u2019s role in sedation and analgesia, withdrawal treatment, and bronchospasm treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015626932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]],"date-time":"2016-01-18T21:12:57Z","timestamp":1453151577000},"page":"234-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Ketamine Continuous Infusions in Critically Ill Infants and Children"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Charles L.","family":"Golding","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jamie L.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Morris R.","family":"Gessouroun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Medicine, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter N.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma College of Pharmacy, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028015626932","volume-title":"Expert Panel Report 3: Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma","author":"US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr2-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2012.02.041"},{"key":"bibr3-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2009-0489"},{"key":"bibr4-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182783b72"},{"key":"bibr5-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PCC.0b013e318253c80e"},{"key":"bibr6-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PCC.0000144710.13710.2E"},{"key":"bibr7-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.56"},{"key":"bibr8-1060028015626932","first-page":"625","volume":"42","author":"Jovaisa T","year":"2006","journal-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)"},{"key":"bibr9-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199008000-00004"},{"key":"bibr10-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181f196e6"},{"key":"bibr11-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200605000-00043"},{"key":"bibr12-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1986.tb12744.x"},{"key":"bibr13-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2005.09.003"},{"key":"bibr14-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.02.024"},{"key":"bibr15-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JAS-100107543"},{"key":"bibr16-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198605000-00019"},{"key":"bibr17-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006565-199608000-00015"},{"key":"bibr18-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2014.00024"},{"key":"bibr19-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02044126"},{"key":"bibr20-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-9-39"},{"key":"bibr21-1060028015626932","volume-title":"Pediatric and Neonatal Dosage Handbook","author":"Taketomo CK","year":"2015","edition":"22"},{"key":"bibr22-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NCI.0b013e31826b4dea"},{"key":"bibr23-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2014.05.024"},{"key":"bibr24-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198005000-00007"},{"key":"bibr25-1060028015626932","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03006157"},{"key":"bibr26-1060028015626932","unstructured":"Truven Health Analytics, Inc. 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