{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:23:58Z","timestamp":1790349838251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]],"date-time":"2016-07-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently momentum has been building behind pharmacist prescriptive authority for certain products such as oral contraceptives or naloxone. To some, prescriptive authority by pharmacists represents a departure from the traditional role of pharmacists in dispensing medications. Nearly all states, however, currently enable pharmacist prescriptive authority in some form or fashion. The variety of different state approaches makes it difficult for pharmacists to ascertain the pros and cons of different models. We leverage data available from the National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations (NASPA), a trade association that tracks pharmacy legislation and regulations across all states, to characterize models of pharmacist prescriptive authority along a continuum from most restrictive to least restrictive. We identify 2 primary categories of current pharmacist prescriptive authority: (1) collaborative prescribing and (2) autonomous prescribing. Collaborative prescribing models provide a broad framework for the treatment of acute or chronic disease. Current autonomous prescribing models have focused on a limited range of medications for which a specific diagnosis is not needed. Approaches to pharmacist prescriptive authority are not mutually exclusive. We anticipate that more states will pursue the less-restrictive approaches in the years ahead.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028016653608","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,16]],"date-time":"2016-06-16T01:34:38Z","timestamp":1466040878000},"page":"778-784","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["The Continuum of Pharmacist Prescriptive Authority"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Alex J.","family":"Adams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Idaho State Board of Pharmacy, Boise, ID, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krystalyn K.","family":"Weaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations (NASPA), Richmond, VA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Feder Ostrov B. Pharmacists can prescribe \u201cthe pill\u201d in these states. CNN. http:\/\/www.cnn.com\/2015\/07\/14\/health\/pharmacist-prescribe-hormonal-contraceptives\/. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr2-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Firger J. Birth Control Pill is Now Available in Oregon and California Without a Prescription. Newsweek. http:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/birth-control-pill-now-available-oregon-and-california-without-prescription-411357. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr3-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Belluck P, Tavernise S. States lead effort to let pharmacists prescribe birth control. New York Times. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/11\/23\/health\/states-lead-effort-to-let-pharmacists-prescribe-birth-control.html. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr4-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1875-9114.1997.tb03804.x"},{"key":"bibr5-1060028016653608","first-page":"56","volume":"2014","author":"Weaver KK","journal-title":"Pharm Today Oct"},{"key":"bibr6-1060028016653608","unstructured":"National Alliance of State Pharmacy Associations. Naloxone access in community pharmacies. http:\/\/naspa.us\/resource\/naloxone-access-community-pharmacies\/. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr7-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Talsma J. Ohio pharmacists gain ground with expanded CPAs. Drug Topics. http:\/\/drugtopics.modernmedicine.com\/drug-topics\/news\/ohio-pharmacists-gain-ground-expanded-cpas. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr8-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Talsma J. Collaborative practice gains. Drug Topics. http:\/\/drugtopics.modernmedicine.com\/drug-topics\/news\/collaborative-practice-gains?page=full. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr9-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1331\/JAPhA.2015.15528"},{"key":"bibr10-1060028016653608","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislators. Scope of practice legislative database, 2011-2013. http:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/health\/scope-of-practice-legislation-tracking-database.aspx. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr11-1060028016653608","first-page":"166","volume":"2015","author":"Klepser ME","journal-title":"Health Secur"},{"key":"bibr12-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cptl.2014.09.005"},{"key":"bibr13-1060028016653608","volume-title":"Improving Patient and Health System Outcomes through Advanced Pharmacy Practice: A Report to the U.S. Surgeon General","author":"Giberson S","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr14-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14800\/emph.923."},{"key":"bibr15-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bacci JL, Coley KC, McGrath K, Strategies to facilitate the implementation of collaborative practice agreements in chain community pharmacies. J Am Pharm Assoc. In press. doi:http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.japh.2016.02.014.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2016.02.014"},{"key":"bibr16-1060028016653608","unstructured":"College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists. Naloxone access: a practical guideline for pharmacists. https:\/\/cpnp.org\/_docs\/guideline\/naloxone\/naloxone-access.pdf. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr17-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Oregon Board of Pharmacy. Oregon pharmacists prescribing of contraceptive therapy. http:\/\/www.oregon.gov\/pharmacy\/Pages\/ContraceptivePrescribing.aspx. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr18-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Oregon House Bill 2879. http:\/\/gov.oregonlive.com\/bill\/2015\/HB2879\/. Accessed April 10, 2016."},{"key":"bibr19-1060028016653608","unstructured":"California Senate Bill 493. http:\/\/leginfo.legislature.ca.gov\/faces\/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=201320140SB493. Accessed April 10, 2016."},{"key":"bibr20-1060028016653608","unstructured":"California Board of Pharmacy. Protocol for pharmacists furnishing nicotine replacement products. http:\/\/www.pharmacy.ca.gov\/laws_regs\/1746_2_pt.pdf. Accessed March 26, 2016."},{"key":"bibr21-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12998"},{"key":"bibr22-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-2023"},{"key":"bibr23-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Idaho Code. 54-1704: Practice of pharmacy. https:\/\/legislature.idaho.gov\/idstat\/Title54\/T54CH17SECT54-1704.htm. Accessed April 10, 2016."},{"key":"bibr24-1060028016653608","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1H274"},{"key":"bibr25-1060028016653608","unstructured":"Florida Department of State. Rule 64B16-27.220: medicinal drugs which may be ordered by pharmacists. https:\/\/www.flrules.org\/gateway\/ruleno.asp?id=64B16-27.220. Accessed March 26, 2016."}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1060028016653608","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1060028016653608","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1060028016653608","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:16:25Z","timestamp":1777374985000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1060028016653608"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1060028016653608"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1060028016653608","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,20]]}}}