{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T22:31:26Z","timestamp":1790375486767,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]],"date-time":"2018-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543708800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: To evaluate clinical trials using bumetanide in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) treatment. Data Sources: PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE (1946 to October 2018) were searched using terms bumetanide and autism. Bibliographies were reviewed for other relevant trials. Study Selection and Data Extraction: English language, randomized, controlled, clinical trials in humans were evaluated. Three trials met all inclusion criteria. Data Synthesis: Oral bumetanide was studied in 208 patients, 2 to 18 years old, with ASD. Trials evaluated bumetanide\u2019s impact on core behavioral features using several different autism assessment scales. All trials used the Childhood Autism Rating Scale to assess improvement at 90 days, with one trial finding statistical significance. The Clinical Global Impressions Scale identified statistically significant improvements in 2 of the 3 trials. The Autism Behavioral Checklist and Social Responsiveness Scales identified statistical benefit in the 2 trials utilizing those outcomes. Behaviors most improved by bumetanide included social communication, interactions, and restricted interest. No dose-effect correlation was identified in the dose-ranging trial. Adverse effects, including hypokalemia and polyuria, occurred more often with higher doses and resulted in withdrawal rates of 17% to 43%. Bumetanide 0.5 mg twice daily was the most studied and best tolerated dose. Limitations included unclear clinical success definitions and evaluation methodology variability. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: No effective treatment options for core ASD symptoms have been approved. This review presents preliminary safety and efficacy data for bumetanide in ASD. Conclusions: Low-dose oral bumetanide may be useful in patients with moderate to severe ASD when behavioral therapies are not available.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028018817304","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,3]],"date-time":"2018-12-03T02:07:16Z","timestamp":1543802836000},"page":"537-544","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Bumetanide for Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"B. Jordan","family":"James","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwestern Oklahoma State University College of Pharmacy, Weatherford, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwestern Oklahoma State University College of Pharmacy, Weatherford, OK, USA"},{"name":"INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"},{"name":"Great Plains Family Medicine Residency Program, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry J.","family":"Gales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southwestern Oklahoma State University College of Pharmacy, Weatherford, OK, USA"},{"name":"INTEGRIS Baptist Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"},{"name":"Great Plains Family Medicine Residency Program, Oklahoma City, OK, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2016.1154536"},{"key":"bibr2-1060028018817304","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Autism spectrum disorder: data and statistics. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/autism\/data.html. Accessed August 22, 2018."},{"key":"bibr3-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8614680"},{"key":"bibr4-1060028018817304","unstructured":"Reynolds CR, Khamphaus RW. Autism spectrum disorder: DSM-5\u2122 diagnostic criteria. https:\/\/images.pearsonclinical.com\/images\/assets\/basc-3\/basc3resources\/DSM5_DiagnosticCriteria_AutismSpectrumDisorder.pdf. Accessed August 22, 2018."},{"key":"bibr5-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2013.10.013"},{"key":"bibr6-1060028018817304","unstructured":"World Health Organization. The ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: diagnostic criteria for research. http:\/\/www.who.int\/classifications\/icd\/en\/GRNBOOK.pdf. Accessed August 22, 2018."},{"key":"bibr7-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1399-2"},{"key":"bibr8-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-202092"},{"key":"bibr9-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.07.001"},{"key":"bibr10-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-4133"},{"key":"bibr11-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2010.01933"},{"key":"bibr12-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.124"},{"key":"bibr13-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0045"},{"key":"bibr14-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2017.10"},{"key":"bibr15-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-004-5290-2"},{"key":"bibr16-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-009-0926-x"},{"key":"bibr17-1060028018817304","first-page":"28","volume":"4","author":"Busner J","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry (Edgmont)"},{"key":"bibr18-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1781(97)00123-6"},{"key":"bibr19-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1424-5"},{"key":"bibr20-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734282913517525"},{"key":"bibr21-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/t17256-000"},{"key":"bibr22-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-008-0674-3"},{"key":"bibr23-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1980.tb01797.x"},{"key":"bibr24-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361313514141"},{"key":"bibr25-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21958-x"},{"key":"bibr26-1060028018817304","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0146"},{"key":"bibr27-1060028018817304","unstructured":"Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine. A study of bumetanide for the treatment of autism spectrum disorders. https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03156153?term=bumetanide&cond=autism&rank=1. Accessed August 22, 2018."},{"key":"bibr28-1060028018817304","unstructured":"EU Clinical Trials Register. Efficacy and safety of bumetanide oral liquid formulation in children and adolescents aged from 7 to less than 18 years old with autism spectrum disorder. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\/ctr-search\/search?query=Efficacy+and+safety+of+bumetanide+oral+liquid+formulation+in+children+and+adolescents+aged+from+7+to+less+than+18+years+old+with+Autism+Spectrum+Disorder. Accessed November 20, 2018."},{"key":"bibr29-1060028018817304","unstructured":"EU Clinical Trials Register. Efficacy and safety of bumetanide oral liquid formulation in children and adolescents aged from 2 to less than 7 years old with autism spectrum disorder. https:\/\/www.clinicaltrialsregister.eu\/ctr-search\/search?query=autism+ANDEfficacy+and+safety+of+bumetanide+oral+liquid+formulation+in+children+and+adolescents+aged+from+2+to+less+than+7+years+old+with+Autism+Spectrum+Disorder+bumetanide. 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