{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:18:06Z","timestamp":1788171486080,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000058","name":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1H79TI083288"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1H79TI083288"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000058","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacotherapy with stimulant or nonstimulant medications is recommended as first-line treatment for attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Among patients prescribed stimulants, concomitant opioid use may increase the risk of drug dependence, exacerbate comorbid conditions, and compromise treatment adherence. However, limited evidence exists on the risk factors for initial opioid prescription in this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To identify factors associated with incident opioid prescriptions among patients with ADHD prescribed stimulant therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Merative\u00ae MarketScan\u00ae Commercial Claims and Encounters Database (2010-2020). We identified patients with ADHD who initiated stimulant therapy and followed them for 1 year to assess incident opioid prescription. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate factors associated with opioid initiation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among 380\u2009494 patients with ADHD initiating stimulants (mean age: 21.2 years; 56.5% male), 14.2% received an opioid prescription within 1 year. Factors significantly associated with incident opioid prescription included age \u226535 years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 10.84; 95% CI: 10.43-11.26), gender(aHR [female]:1.29; 95% CI: 1.27-1.31), geographic region (aHR [West]: 1.58; 95% CI: 1.52-1.64), multiple chronic conditions (aHR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.54-1.67), anxiety (aHR: 1.19; 95% CI: 1.17-1.22), depression (aHR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.14-1.19), severe mental illnesses (aHR: 1.18; 95% CI: 1.13-1.23), substance use disorders (SUDs) (aHR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.63-1.75). Receipt of behavioral therapy before ADHD pharmacotherapy (aHR: 0.89; 95% CI: 0.87-0.92) was associated with a lower risk of receiving incident opioid prescriptions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Several demographic factors (e.g., age, gender, geographic region) and clinical factors (e.g., history of mental health conditions and SUDs) are associated with opioid initiation among stimulant-treated patients with ADHD. These findings may inform clinical strategies to mitigate unnecessary opioid exposure and associated harms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/10600280251413628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:31:09Z","timestamp":1768822269000},"page":"942-949","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Risk Factors Associated With Incident Opioid Prescription Among Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder Patients Prescribed Stimulants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Shrestha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research (PREMIER) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0789-0942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chijioke M.","family":"Okeke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research (PREMIER) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chan","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Outcomes Research and Quality, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA"},{"name":"Division of Health Services and Behavioral Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong-Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Outcomes Research and Quality, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas","family":"Leslie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Health Services and Behavioral Research, Department of Public Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tyler","family":"Varisco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research (PREMIER) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olajumoke","family":"Olateju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research (PREMIER) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Health Outcomes and Policy, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Wanat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Prescription Drug Misuse Education and Research (PREMIER) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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