{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:42:18Z","timestamp":1777416138272,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1983,3,1]],"date-time":"1983-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":415324800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Intelligence &amp; Clinical Pharmacy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1983,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The treatment of most fungal infections is difficult, at best. Antifungal therapy is complicated by the development of resistant organisms and by the toxicity of many agents. Ketoconazole, an orally active imidazole derivative, has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of candidiasis, chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, oral thrush, candiduria, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, chromomycosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. At present, there is very little peer review literature on ketoconazole's effectiveness for several of its approved indications. Gastrointestinal side effects account for the majority of reported adverse reactions; however, preliminary evidence suggests that higher dosages of ketoconazole may decrease adrenal steroidogenesis. Currently, ketoconazole 200\u2013400 mg\/d is recommended; the duration of therapy remains to be firmly established. Until well-designed clinical trials are completed and ketoconazole's effectiveness is compared to that of established antifungal agents, its use should be limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808301700301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T11:36:17Z","timestamp":1462966577000},"page":"169-174","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Ketoconazole (Nizoral, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Inc.)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Anne Lamont","family":"Hume","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas M.","family":"Kerkering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1983,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-106002808301700301","volume-title":"Product information form"},{"key":"bibr2-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.520"},{"key":"bibr3-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.17.6.922"},{"key":"bibr4-106002808301700301","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Ketoconazole in the management of fungal disease","author":"Heel RC","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr5-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/138.2.245"},{"key":"bibr6-106002808301700301","unstructured":"Shadomy S, Yu HP, White SC, Dismukes WE. Ketoconazole: Susceptibility testing of clinical isolates of pathogenic fungi. 21st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Nov 4\u20136, 1981, Chicago (abstract 275)."},{"key":"bibr7-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00194a023"},{"key":"bibr8-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.546"},{"key":"bibr9-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.570"},{"key":"bibr10-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.551"},{"key":"bibr11-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.559"},{"key":"bibr12-106002808301700301","unstructured":"Hawley LB. Treatment of invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised mice with high dose ketoconazole (KTZ). 21st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, November 4\u20136, 1981, Chicago (abstract 277)."},{"key":"bibr13-106002808301700301","first-page":"283P","volume":"19","author":"Daneshmond TK","year":"1981","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"bibr14-106002808301700301","volume-title":"Investigator's brochure"},{"key":"bibr15-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/6.4.552"},{"key":"bibr16-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.21.1.151"},{"key":"bibr17-106002808301700301","unstructured":"Espinel-Ingroff A, Shadomy S, Porter D, Ketoconazole: Serum levels as determined by bioassay (BA) and HPLC. 21st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Nov 4\u20136, 1981, Chicago (abstract 841)."},{"key":"bibr18-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.661"},{"key":"bibr19-106002808301700301","unstructured":"Craven PC, Graybill JR, Jorgensen JH, Dismukes WE. High dose ketoconazole for human fungal meningitis. 21st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, Nov 4\u20136, 1981, Chicago (abstract 274)."},{"key":"bibr20-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/6.5.681"},{"key":"bibr21-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-95-4-446"},{"key":"bibr22-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.535"},{"key":"bibr23-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.592"},{"key":"bibr24-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.582"},{"key":"bibr25-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.578"},{"key":"bibr26-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.596"},{"key":"bibr27-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.586"},{"key":"bibr28-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1981.01650030007007"},{"key":"bibr29-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.674"},{"key":"bibr30-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-93-6-791"},{"key":"bibr31-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1980.01640340047014"},{"key":"bibr32-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(80)80036-9"},{"key":"bibr33-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.600"},{"key":"bibr34-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.606"},{"key":"bibr35-106002808301700301","unstructured":"Symoens J, Cauweinbergh G. Treatment of systemic mycoses with miconazole and ketoconazole. In: Diagnosis and therapy of systemic mycoses. Leiden, Netherlands, June 1981."},{"key":"bibr36-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.633"},{"key":"bibr37-106002808301700301","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/2.4.643"},{"key":"bibr38-106002808301700301","unstructured":"Del Negro G. Ketoconazole in paracoccidioidomycosis. 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