{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:50:18Z","timestamp":1777416618247,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7-8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,7,1]],"date-time":"1984-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":457488000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Intelligence &amp; Clinical Pharmacy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reviews the agents used to treat manic patients. It has been suggested that up to 20 percent of all manic patients are refractory to lithium. We reviewed studies suggesting that drugs affecting the serotoninergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, and opioid neurotransmission systems, as well as anticonvulsants and others, are possible alternative treatments. Despite the large number of agents used, few large controlled studies carefully examine these interventions. Clinical assessments using specific manic rating scales are lacking in most studies. Among the successful alternative treatments reported, carbamazepine has received the most intensive research. Other suggested therapeutic agents, such as levothyroxine and clorgyline, require additional research to verify their effectiveness. From these pharmacological approaches and an understanding of the pathophysiology of mania, future therapeutic interventions can be formulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808401800704","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T12:48:30Z","timestamp":1462970910000},"page":"577-589","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Alternative Drug Therapies for Mania: A Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Jann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James C.","family":"Garrelts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry","family":"Ereshefsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephen R.","family":"Saklad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(68)90047-2"},{"key":"bibr2-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.125.1.65"},{"key":"bibr3-106002808401800704","first-page":"327","volume":"35","author":"Polorny AD","year":"1974","journal-title":"Dis Nerv Syst"},{"key":"bibr4-106002808401800704","unstructured":"Jefferson JW, Greist JH. Primer of lithium therapy. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins Co., 1977: 111\u20133."},{"key":"bibr5-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760080077013"},{"key":"bibr6-106002808401800704","first-page":"423","volume":"38","author":"Rosenbaum AH","year":"1977","journal-title":"Dis Nerv Syst"},{"key":"bibr7-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290040069010"},{"key":"bibr8-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1963.01720150090010"},{"key":"bibr9-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pr0.1962.10.3.799"},{"key":"bibr10-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1971.01750150064009"},{"key":"bibr11-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760170043007"},{"key":"bibr12-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1975.tb00017.x"},{"key":"bibr13-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700004438"},{"key":"bibr14-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700006395"},{"key":"bibr15-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1973.tb04418.x"},{"key":"bibr16-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.133.5.429"},{"key":"bibr17-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(78)90022-9"},{"key":"bibr18-106002808401800704","first-page":"95","volume":"226","author":"Von Ferssen D","year":"1978","journal-title":"Acta Psych Scand"},{"key":"bibr19-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000395067"},{"key":"bibr20-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000283384"},{"key":"bibr21-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700044032"},{"key":"bibr22-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760070040006"},{"key":"bibr23-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106002807901300703"},{"key":"bibr24-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/219506b0"},{"key":"bibr25-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(69)92697-X"},{"key":"bibr26-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.126.7.1020"},{"key":"bibr27-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90284-5"},{"key":"bibr28-106002808401800704","first-page":"675","volume-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology","author":"Murphy DL","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr29-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1976.tb00654.x"},{"key":"bibr30-106002808401800704","first-page":"131","volume":"14","author":"Moller SE","year":"1979","journal-title":"Biol Psych"},{"key":"bibr31-106002808401800704","first-page":"1","volume":"35","author":"Rose DP","year":"1968","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"bibr32-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1961.tb46120.x"},{"key":"bibr33-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.115.529.1367"},{"key":"bibr34-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421216"},{"key":"bibr35-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.132.6.555"},{"key":"bibr36-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.11.1498"},{"key":"bibr37-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.5.719"},{"key":"bibr38-106002808401800704","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Lithium in medical practice","author":"Johnson FN","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr39-106002808401800704","first-page":"811","volume":"136","author":"Bacher NM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Psych"},{"key":"bibr40-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198107000-00005"},{"key":"bibr41-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/229135a0"},{"key":"bibr42-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.10.1177"},{"key":"bibr43-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431272"},{"key":"bibr44-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)91319-2"},{"key":"bibr45-106002808401800704","first-page":"1323","volume-title":"Psychopharmacology: A generation of progress","author":"Post RM","year":"1978"},{"key":"bibr46-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.134.6.702a"},{"key":"bibr47-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.280.6207.86"},{"key":"bibr48-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.2.230"},{"key":"bibr49-106002808401800704","first-page":"49","volume":"110","author":"Davis JM","year":"1974","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr50-106002808401800704","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Cholinergic and adrenergic balance in mania and schizophrenia","author":"Domino EF","year":"1975"},{"key":"bibr51-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.13.1.47"},{"key":"bibr52-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(72)90956-7"},{"key":"bibr53-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(73)90285-7"},{"key":"bibr54-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1973.01750340072012"},{"key":"bibr55-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770250121012"},{"key":"bibr56-106002808401800704","first-page":"23","volume":"13","author":"Davis KL","year":"1978","journal-title":"Biol Psych"},{"key":"bibr57-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197805042981817"},{"key":"bibr58-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.136.6.772"},{"key":"bibr59-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.2.242"},{"key":"bibr60-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.1.108"},{"key":"bibr61-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.9.1162"},{"key":"bibr62-106002808401800704","first-page":"359","volume":"18","author":"Puech AJ","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adv Biosci"},{"key":"bibr63-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt1971122part1218"},{"key":"bibr64-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/231054a0"},{"key":"bibr65-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1974.01760170049008"},{"key":"bibr66-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.10.1275"},{"key":"bibr67-106002808401800704","first-page":"301","volume":"227","author":"Moller HJ","year":"1979","journal-title":"Arch Psych Nev Ven Kr"},{"key":"bibr68-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1094624"},{"key":"bibr69-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-197815010-00004"},{"key":"bibr70-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780260108012"},{"key":"bibr71-106002808401800704","first-page":"393","volume":"1","author":"Bunney WE","year":"1977","journal-title":"Commun Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"bibr72-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290030045008"},{"key":"bibr73-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290050001001"},{"key":"bibr74-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.10.1315"},{"key":"bibr75-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290050007002"},{"key":"bibr76-106002808401800704","first-page":"47","volume":"7","author":"Kubanek JL","year":"1946","journal-title":"Dis Nerv Syst"},{"key":"bibr77-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1945.02300050044006"},{"key":"bibr78-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1943.02290150102005"},{"key":"bibr79-106002808401800704","first-page":"451","volume":"18","author":"Chouinard G","year":"1983","journal-title":"Biol Psych"},{"key":"bibr80-106002808401800704","first-page":"173","volume":"13","author":"Takezaki H","year":"1971","journal-title":"Clin Psych"},{"key":"bibr81-106002808401800704","first-page":"617","volume":"17","author":"Okuma T","year":"1975","journal-title":"Seishin-Ingaker"},{"key":"bibr82-106002808401800704","first-page":"283","volume":"27","author":"Okuma T","year":"1973","journal-title":"Folia Psychiatr Neurol Jpn"},{"key":"bibr83-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.1.115"},{"key":"bibr84-106002808401800704","first-page":"159","volume":"2","author":"Ballenger JC","year":"1978","journal-title":"Commun Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"bibr85-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00428308"},{"key":"bibr86-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.7.782"},{"key":"bibr87-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.7.948"},{"key":"bibr88-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00431111"},{"key":"bibr89-106002808401800704","first-page":"2","volume":"17","author":"Ayd FJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int Drug Ther Newslett"},{"key":"bibr90-106002808401800704","first-page":"1037","volume":"17","author":"Post RM","year":"1982","journal-title":"Biol Psych"},{"key":"bibr91-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198212000-00002"},{"key":"bibr92-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Post RM, Culter NR. Pharmacology of acute mania. In: Klawans HL, ed. Vol. 4. Clinical Neuropharmacology. New York: Raven Press, 1979: 39\u201382.","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-197900040-00004"},{"key":"bibr93-106002808401800704","first-page":"29","volume":"14","author":"Ayd FJ","year":"1979","journal-title":"Int Drug Ther Newslett"},{"key":"bibr94-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290070051009"},{"key":"bibr95-106002808401800704","first-page":"14","volume":"17","author":"Grof PJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Int Drug Ther Newslett"},{"key":"bibr96-106002808401800704","first-page":"266","volume":"1","author":"Warren JA","year":"1982","journal-title":"Clin Pharm"},{"key":"bibr97-106002808401800704","first-page":"777","volume-title":"Neurobiology of mood disorders","author":"Post RM","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr98-106002808401800704","first-page":"287","volume-title":"GABA and Benzodiazepine receptors","author":"Emrich HM","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr99-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1094624"},{"key":"bibr100-106002808401800704","first-page":"25","volume":"1","author":"Lambert PA","year":"1975","journal-title":"L'Encephale"},{"key":"bibr101-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.138.2.256"},{"key":"bibr102-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00343800"},{"key":"bibr103-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(76)92289-3"},{"key":"bibr104-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/266556a0"},{"key":"bibr105-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770310083006"},{"key":"bibr106-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00421914","volume":"26","author":"Carroll BJ","year":"1972","journal-title":"Psychopharmacologia"},{"key":"bibr107-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00402532"},{"key":"bibr108-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(76)90086-0"},{"key":"bibr109-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.910136"},{"key":"bibr110-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198107000-00007"},{"key":"bibr111-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(78)91725-7"},{"key":"bibr112-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-04015-5"},{"key":"bibr113-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1980.01780180097012"},{"key":"bibr114-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.325650"},{"key":"bibr115-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.137.12.1583"},{"key":"bibr116-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290030047009"},{"key":"bibr117-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198107000-00003"},{"key":"bibr118-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.130.9.1014"},{"key":"bibr119-106002808401800704","first-page":"149","volume":"136","author":"Himmelhock JM","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Psych"},{"key":"bibr120-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.135.1.55"},{"key":"bibr121-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1979.01780010078008"},{"key":"bibr122-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.4.502"},{"key":"bibr123-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.120.557.399"},{"key":"bibr124-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.131.6.575"},{"key":"bibr125-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-197807000-00007"},{"key":"bibr126-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)90119-1"},{"key":"bibr127-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700043282"},{"key":"bibr128-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700052065"},{"key":"bibr129-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(80)90214-2"},{"key":"bibr130-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700055628"},{"key":"bibr131-106002808401800704","unstructured":"Naylor GJ, Smith AHW. Methylene blue. A new treatment for manic depressive psychosis. IRCS medical science: biochemistry; cell and membrane biology; clinical biochemistry; clinical medicine; clinical pharmacology and therapeutics; drug metabolism and toxicology; metabolism and nutrition; nervous system; physiology; psychology and psychiatry. 1981; 9: 1154\u20135."},{"key":"bibr132-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107687807100507"},{"key":"bibr133-106002808401800704","first-page":"24","volume":"11","author":"Huey LY","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol Bull"},{"key":"bibr134-106002808401800704","first-page":"217","volume-title":"Mania: An evolving concept","author":"Post RM","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr135-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780320080009"},{"key":"bibr136-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1978.01770350059005"},{"key":"bibr137-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(82)91234-3"},{"key":"bibr138-106002808401800704","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-198107000-00009"}],"container-title":["Drug Intelligence &amp; Clinical Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/106002808401800704","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/106002808401800704","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:02:32Z","timestamp":1777374152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/106002808401800704"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]},"references-count":138,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7-8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/106002808401800704"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/106002808401800704","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6578","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,7]]}}}