{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:44:07Z","timestamp":1777416247579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1984,11,1]],"date-time":"1984-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":468115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug Intelligence &amp; Clinical Pharmacy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a common form of acute respiratory failure that has been increasingly reported as associated with a wide variety of medical conditions. Unlike other identifiable pathological events causing severe lung injury, it is now recognized that ARDS is not a single disease, but a complex interaction of pathophysiological events that result in diffuse injury to lung parenchyma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Only through a thorough understanding of ARDS pathophysiology, pathogenesis, and clinical course can medical intervention be instituted in a judicious and timely manner.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This review article is intended to provide an overview of the suspected precipitating causes, discrete pathophysiologic changes, and monitorable clinical events associated with ARDS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>With mortality from ARDS high, significant attention is being given to improving therapeutic intervention with such conventional measures as mechanical ventilation, positive end-expiratory pressure, and fluid management, along with corticosteroids and several new experimental pharmacologic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/106002808401801102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,11]],"date-time":"2016-05-11T11:34:39Z","timestamp":1462966479000},"page":"862-868","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Bradley A.","family":"Boucher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas S.","family":"Foster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1984,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)31197-X","volume":"67","author":"Balk R","year":"1983","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"bibr2-106002808401801102","first-page":"10","volume":"27","author":"Rogers RM","year":"1981","journal-title":"DM"},{"key":"bibr3-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)90168-7"},{"key":"bibr4-106002808401801102","first-page":"1071","volume":"115","author":"Murray JF","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr5-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(82)90536-1"},{"key":"bibr6-106002808401801102","first-page":"6","volume":"4","author":"Gong H","year":"1978","journal-title":"Compr Ther"},{"key":"bibr7-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.67.6.790","volume":"67","author":"Lyrene RK","year":"1981","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr8-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.1.151"},{"key":"bibr9-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.77.3.449","volume":"77","author":"Promisloff RA","year":"1980","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr10-106002808401801102","first-page":"271","volume":"13","author":"Shapiro BA","year":"1981","journal-title":"Surg Annu"},{"key":"bibr11-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.77.2.161","volume":"77","author":"Keren A","year":"1980","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr12-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.77.3.449","volume":"77","author":"Poe RH","year":"1980","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr13-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.81.5.644","volume":"81","author":"Howard JJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr14-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.82.1.98","volume":"82","author":"Petty TL","year":"1982","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr15-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(81)90312-3","volume":"142","author":"Weigelt JA","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"bibr16-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198204153061504","volume":"306","author":"Rinaldo JE","year":"1982","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"bibr17-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1977.116.4.589"},{"key":"bibr18-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/bja\/54.7.723","volume":"54","author":"Fein AM","year":"1982","journal-title":"Br J Anaesth"},{"key":"bibr19-106002808401801102","first-page":"869","volume":"119","author":"Anderson RR","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr20-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)41033-9","volume":"56","author":"Teplitz C","year":"1976","journal-title":"Surg Clin North Am"},{"key":"bibr21-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198302000-00003","volume":"11","author":"Sibbald WJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"bibr22-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.75.5.571"},{"key":"bibr23-106002808401801102","first-page":"531","volume":"115","author":"Petty TL","year":"1977","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr24-106002808401801102","first-page":"1039","volume":"120","author":"Dantzker DR","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr25-106002808401801102","first-page":"371","volume":"57","author":"Divertie MB","year":"1982","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"bibr26-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198310133091502","volume":"309","author":"Davis WB","year":"1983","journal-title":"New Engl J Med"},{"key":"bibr27-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-197811000-00028","volume":"71","author":"Burki NK","year":"1978","journal-title":"South Med J"},{"key":"bibr28-106002808401801102","first-page":"317","volume":"259","author":"Deby-Dupont G","year":"1982","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther"},{"key":"bibr29-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21394.x","volume":"384","author":"Stevens PM","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"bibr30-106002808401801102","first-page":"65","volume":"27","author":"Northrup WF","year":"1976","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"bibr31-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/arrd.1983.128.3.552"},{"key":"bibr32-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109365"},{"key":"bibr33-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI109866"},{"key":"bibr34-106002808401801102","first-page":"279","volume":"4","author":"Vaage J","year":"1977","journal-title":"Circ Shock"},{"key":"bibr35-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(76)90135-2","volume":"61","author":"Bone RC","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"bibr36-106002808401801102","first-page":"779","volume":"59","author":"Lipman J","year":"1981","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"bibr37-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9610(79)90265-4","volume":"138","author":"Peters RM","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Surg"},{"key":"bibr38-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.1979.01370280151024"},{"key":"bibr39-106002808401801102","first-page":"210","volume":"84","author":"Dorinsky PM","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr40-106002808401801102","first-page":"218","volume":"130","author":"Simmons DH","year":"1979","journal-title":"West J Med"},{"key":"bibr41-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.77.5.636"},{"key":"bibr42-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198211000-00001"},{"key":"bibr43-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.76.3.257"},{"key":"bibr44-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)40881-7","volume":"74","author":"Shah DM","year":"1977","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"bibr45-106002808401801102","first-page":"387","volume":"122","author":"Danek SJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am Rev Respir Dis"},{"key":"bibr46-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198112000-00013","volume":"9","author":"Apple PL","year":"1981","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"bibr47-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198009000-00006","volume":"8","author":"Shoemaker WC","year":"1980","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"bibr48-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198009000-00007","volume":"8","author":"Czer LS","year":"1980","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"bibr49-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-197903000-00007"},{"key":"bibr50-106002808401801102","first-page":"166","volume":"30","author":"Virgilio RW","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"bibr51-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb21396.x","volume":"384","author":"Sibbald WJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"bibr52-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)40164-5","volume":"71","author":"Sladen A","year":"1976","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"bibr53-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197706000-00002","volume":"185","author":"Powers SR","year":"1977","journal-title":"Ann Surg"},{"key":"bibr54-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)39356-0","volume":"82","author":"Rhodes GR","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"bibr55-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330130087021","volume":"140","author":"Bone RC","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"bibr56-106002808401801102","first-page":"22","volume":"30","author":"Annest SJ","year":"1979","journal-title":"Surg Forum"},{"key":"bibr57-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4804(82)90098-1","volume":"32","author":"Weigelt JA","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Surg Res"},{"key":"bibr58-106002808401801102","first-page":"785","volume":"151","author":"Kerstein MD","year":"1980","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"bibr59-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31278.x","volume":"393","author":"Wolf HR","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann NY Acad Sci"},{"key":"bibr60-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.1.40","volume":"83","author":"Fein AM","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr61-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1979.03630450021009"},{"key":"bibr62-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1980.00330170028017","volume":"140","author":"Fallat RJ","year":"1980","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"bibr63-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-3-293"},{"key":"bibr64-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.72.2.190","volume":"72","author":"Rotman HH","year":"1977","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr65-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.74.3.247","volume":"74","author":"Yahar J","year":"1978","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"bibr66-106002808401801102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.84.3.272","volume":"84","author":"Alberts MW","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Drug Intelligence &amp; Clinical Pharmacy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/106002808401801102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/106002808401801102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:01:48Z","timestamp":1777374108000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/106002808401801102"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Joseph F.","family":"Dasta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1984,11]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1984,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/106002808401801102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/106002808401801102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0012-6578"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0012-6578","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1984,11]]}}}