{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T23:12:06Z","timestamp":1777417926149,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1994,5,1]],"date-time":"1994-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":767750400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>OBJECTIVE:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To report a case of benzocaine-induced inethemoglobinemia and present a review of the related literature.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CASE REPORT:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An 83-year-old man received benzocaine topical anesthesia 600 mg prior to intubation for resection of a thyroid adenoma. The patient became severely cyanotic after induction of anesthesia. After a negative workup for common causes of cyanosis, blood co-oximetry analysis revealed a methemoglobin concentration of 54.1 percent. Intravenous methylene blue reversed the methemoglobinemia, although delayed recurrence 20 h later necessitated readministration of intravenous methylene blue. The patient developed cardiovascular instability and severe neurologic depression requiring prolonged ventilatory support.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>DISCUSSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methemoglobinemia can result from exposure to a number of drugs including benzocaine. Cyanosis, neurological and cardiac dysfunction may result when methemoglobin concentrations exceed 30 percent. Clinical diagnosis is made on the presentation of cyanosis unresponsive to oxygen administration and a distinctive arterial blood brown color; laboratory confirmation is by co-oximetry. Treatment of symptomatic methemoglobinemia is by intravenous methylene blue (1\u20132 mg\/kg) administration. Fifty-four cases of benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia have been reported in the literature. Intubation, endoscopy\/bronchoscopy, and ingestion were the most common procedures in which benzocaine administration produced methemoglobinemia. Infants and the elderly were more likely to develop toxic methemoglobinemia after benzocaine exposure. Other risk factors included genetic reductase deficiencies, exposure to high doses of anesthetic, and presence of denuded skin and mucous membranes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Because of the potential for severe complications, methemoglobinemia should be corrected promptly in compromised patients and those with toxic benzocaine concentrations. The possibility of masking symptoms during general anesthesia carries special risk of use of this agent in the preanesthesia setting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809402800515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,12]],"date-time":"2017-01-12T22:43:29Z","timestamp":1484261009000},"page":"643-649","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":88,"title":["Benzocaine-Induced Methemoglobinemia: Report of a Severe Reaction and Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Luis F.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynn M.","family":"Smolik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alicia J.","family":"Zbehlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1994,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr-bibr1-106002809402800515","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199102000-00039"},{"key":"bibr-bibr2-106002809402800515","first-page":"581","volume":"82","author":"Wilson G","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Tenn Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr-bibr3-106002809402800515","unstructured":"Winthrobe MM, Lee GR, Boggs DR, Bithell TC, Foerster J, Athens JW, eds Clinical hematology. 8th ed. 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