{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T01:55:58Z","timestamp":1780624558746,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]],"date-time":"1995-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":791596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Ann Pharmacother"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To review the current literature on lamotrigine and its use as an antiepileptic drug (AED).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MEDLINE and bibliographic literature searches pertaining to lamotrigine were performed. Additionally, Burroughs Wellcome provided a comprehensive bibliography, data on file, and investigator's brochure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Selection:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The selection of reported data for this review includes both controlled and uncontrolled studies as well as case reports and unreported data from both European and US trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lamotrigine is effective as an adjunctive agent in the treatment of complex and simple partial seizures with or without secondary generalization. Anecdotal reports suggest that the spectrum of activity may include other seizure types, but controlled studies substantiating these reports are needed. Lamotrigine has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile, including a long half-life, low serum protein binding, and lack of mixed-function oxidase enzyme induction. It is likely that the drug induces metabolism through the glucuronidation pathway, although probably not to a clinically significant extent. Concurrent use of enzyme-inducing AEDs increase lamotrigine's clearance, whereas valproic acid decreases it. Adverse effects are primarily central nervous system-related, with dizziness, diplopia, ataxia, and somnolence reported in at least 10% of the patients treated. The incidence of these effects is higher in patients treated concomitantly with carbamazepine and may represent a pharmacodynamic interaction. The occurrence of rash may limit lamotrigine's use and was the most common cause for discontinuation in clinical trials (2.3%). The incidence of rash is higher in patients comedicated with valproic acid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lamotrigine appears to be a safe and effective new AED for patients with refractory partial seizures when used as an adjunctive agent. It has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile allowing for once- or twice-daily dosing and adverse effects appear mild and transient. Additional studies are required to confirm efficacy in other seizure types.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809502900209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,13]],"date-time":"2017-01-13T08:01:24Z","timestamp":1484294484000},"page":"144-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Lamotrigine: an Anhepileptic Agent for the Treatment of Partial Seizures"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Jamie T.","family":"Gilman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuropharmacology, Comprehensive Epilepsy and Neuroscience Centers, Miami Children's Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1995,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-106002809502900209","unstructured":"Epilepsy Foundation of America, 4351 Garden City Dr., Landover, MD, 20785."},{"key":"bibr2-106002809502900209","first-page":"157","volume-title":"The treatment of epilepsy: principles and practice","author":"Annegers JF.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr3-106002809502900209","first-page":"350","volume":"48","author":"Baxter MG","year":"1983","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr4-106002809502900209","first-page":"611","volume-title":"Pharmacotherapy: a pathophysiologic approach","author":"Garnett WR.","year":"1989","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr5-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03573.x"},{"key":"bibr6-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(90)90229-3"},{"key":"bibr7-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90065-2"},{"key":"bibr8-106002809502900209","first-page":"39","volume":"82","author":"Baxter MG","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"bibr9-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03572.x"},{"key":"bibr10-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0028-3908(91)90152-2"},{"key":"bibr11-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765P","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1985.tb11098.x","volume":"86","author":"Lamb RI","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr12-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01041373"},{"key":"bibr13-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90011-H"},{"key":"bibr14-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(01)88448-X"},{"key":"bibr15-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198908000-00009"},{"key":"bibr16-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.11.2284"},{"key":"bibr17-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1994.tb02920.x"},{"key":"bibr18-106002809502900209","first-page":"242P","volume":"26","author":"Yuen AWC","year":"1988","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr19-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05883.x"},{"key":"bibr20-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(91)90012-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr21-106002809502900209","first-page":"8","volume":"32","author":"Yau MK","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"bibr22-106002809502900209","first-page":"21","volume-title":"Clinical update on lamotrigine: a novel antiepileptic agent","author":"Richens A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr23-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1987.193"},{"key":"bibr24-106002809502900209","author":"Yau MK","year":"1992","journal-title":"Presented at the Third International Cleveland Clinic-Bethel Epilepsy Symposium"},{"key":"bibr25-106002809502900209","first-page":"121","volume":"1","author":"Posner J","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pharm Med"},{"key":"bibr26-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(87)90041-6"},{"key":"bibr27-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb03536.x"},{"key":"bibr28-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1989.tb03514.x"},{"key":"bibr29-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05249.x"},{"key":"bibr30-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1989.tb05309.x"},{"key":"bibr31-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(90)90019-R"},{"key":"bibr32-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.56.5.448"},{"key":"bibr33-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(89)90007-7"},{"key":"bibr34-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(90)90099-H"},{"key":"bibr35-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(90)90077-9"},{"key":"bibr36-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02417.x"},{"key":"bibr37-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05880.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr38-106002809502900209","first-page":"187","author":"Pisani F","year":"1991","journal-title":"New Antiepileptic Drugs"},{"key":"bibr39-106002809502900209","first-page":"305","volume":"32","author":"Timmings PL","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eur Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr40-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00862975","volume":"239","author":"Foletti G","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"bibr41-106002809502900209","first-page":"38","volume":"38","author":"Kirker S","year":"1990","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"key":"bibr42-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)92922-3"},{"key":"bibr43-106002809502900209","first-page":"13","volume":"1","author":"Steward J","year":"1992","journal-title":"Seizure"},{"key":"bibr44-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)93048-6"},{"key":"bibr45-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91062-Q"},{"key":"bibr46-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05881.x"},{"key":"bibr47-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6974(05)80054-4"},{"key":"bibr48-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.1990.162"},{"key":"bibr49-106002809502900209","first-page":"82","volume":"33","author":"Yau MK","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"bibr50-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1992.tb04079.x"},{"key":"bibr51-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658P","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.1991.tb03947.x","volume":"32","author":"Posner J","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"bibr52-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(92)90049-Y"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr53-106002809502900209","first-page":"58","volume":"32","author":"Schapel GJ","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr54-106002809502900209","first-page":"82","volume":"33","author":"Anderson GD","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr55-106002809502900209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1991.tb05619.x","volume":"32","author":"Holdich T","year":"1991","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr56-106002809502900209","first-page":"82","volume":"33","author":"Yuen AWC","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"bibr57-106002809502900209","first-page":"734","volume":"12","author":"Wallace SJ.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"bibr58-106002809502900209","first-page":"165","volume-title":"New anticonvulsant drugs","author":"Miller AA","year":"1986"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr59-106002809502900209","first-page":"31","volume":"35","author":"Yuen AWC","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr60-106002809502900209","first-page":"31","volume":"35","author":"Brodie MJ, Richens A, UK Lamotrigine\/Carbamazepine Monotherapy Trial Group.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr61-106002809502900209","first-page":"31","volume":"35","author":"Steiner TJ","year":"1994","journal-title":"Epilepsia"}],"container-title":["Annals of Pharmacotherapy"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/106002809502900209","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/106002809502900209","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:06:58Z","timestamp":1777374418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/106002809502900209"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/106002809502900209"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/106002809502900209","relation":{},"ISSN":["1060-0280","1542-6270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1060-0280","type":"print"},{"value":"1542-6270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1995,2]]}}}