{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:42:07Z","timestamp":1777491727779,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]],"date-time":"2000-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":959817600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Concurrent Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Traditional requirements definition activities begin with the engineer or design team performing a needs-analysis to identify user requirements [5]. While recent studies have focused on Conceptual Design activities, research into the requirements-definition pro cess has for the most part been lacking. Needs-analysis is generally subjective, and varies according to the composition and experience of the design team. Systematic procedures for defining and ranking requirements could consolidate the foundation on which the design process is predicated and enhance its outcome by providing the designer with a consistent, reliable approach to product development [1]. Before such systematic procedures could be developed, it would be necessary to establish an understanding of the existing process by which requirements evolve, and to create a model for evaluating this process. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted at Stanford Uni versity using empirical data from an actual spaceflight experiment, sponsored by NASA Ames Research Center (ARC), and flown aboard the Space Shuttle. A large body of empirical evidence was examined, and on the basis of this evidence, the method of problem-reduc tion using AND\/OR graphs proved to be an effective framework for analyzing requirements-evolution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1063293x0000800203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,3,11]],"date-time":"2007-03-11T03:12:07Z","timestamp":1173582727000},"page":"104-114","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Analyzing Requirements\u2014Evolution in Engineering Design Using the Method of Problem-Reduction"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Eodice","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Design Research (CDR), 560 Panama Street,\rStanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Larry J.","family":"Leifer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Design Research (CDR), 560 Panama Street,\rStanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renate","family":"Fruchter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Center for Integrated Facilities Engineering (CIFE),\r550 Panama Street, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2000,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","volume-title":"Goals and Priorities for Research in Engineering Design: A Report to the Design Research Community","author":"The American Society of Mechanical Engineers","year":"1986"},{"key":"atypb2","volume-title":"Requirements Definition in Engineering Design : An Exploration of the Earliest Stages of the Requirements Life Cycle,\" CE 299 Final Report","author":"Eodice, M.T.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb3","volume-title":"Ensemble Neural Coding of Place and Direction in Zero-G,\" Public Health Service Grant Application 93-OLMSA-01","author":"McNaughton, B.L.","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb4","volume-title":"Investigator Visits\u2014Highstein 8\/22-25, McNaughton 8\/26,\" Trip Report","author":"Dalton, B.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb5","volume-title":"Introduction to Design","author":"Asimow, M.","year":"1962"},{"key":"atypb6","volume-title":"Problem-Solving Methods in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Nilsson, N.J.","year":"1971"},{"key":"atypb7","volume-title":"Engineering Design\u2014A Systematic Approach","author":"Pahl, G.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb8","volume-title":"Models of Bounded Rationality","author":"Simon, H.A.","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb9","volume-title":"ICED 99 Munich, Proceedings, 12th International Conference on Engineering Design","author":"Eodice, M.T."},{"key":"atypb10","volume-title":"Product Design and Development","author":"Ulrich, K.T.","year":"1995"},{"key":"atypb11","volume-title":"Concurrent Engineering Fundamentals\", Volume II: Integrated Product Development","author":"Prasad, B.","year":"1997"},{"key":"atypb12","volume-title":"The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence","author":"Barr, A.","year":"1981"},{"key":"atypb13","volume-title":"Human Problem Solving","author":"Newell, A.","year":"1972"},{"key":"atypb14","volume-title":"Computers and Thought","author":"Feigenbaum, E. A.","year":"1963"},{"key":"atypb15","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence","author":"Rich, E.","year":"1991"},{"key":"atypb16","volume-title":"Notes on the Synthesis of Form","author":"Alexander, C.","year":"1964"},{"key":"atypb17","volume-title":"Heuristics: Intelligent Search Strategies for Computer Problem Solving","author":"Pearl, J.","year":"1984"}],"container-title":["Concurrent Engineering"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1063293X0000800203","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1063293X0000800203","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:50:09Z","timestamp":1777387809000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1063293X0000800203"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1063293X0000800203"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1063293x0000800203","relation":{},"ISSN":["1063-293X","1531-2003"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1063-293X","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-2003","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,6]]}}}