{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:25:47Z","timestamp":1777490747196,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]],"date-time":"2004-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1078099200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Concurrent Engineering"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An integrated environment based on CAD assembly software and on an Augmented Reality wearable system is used to improve the overall integration between engineering design and real prototypes manufacturing. The environment following called \u2013 Personal Active Assistant (PAA) \u2013 exploits a CAD tool connection to remarkably improve object recognition, best assembly sequence optimization, and operator instructions generation. PAA is real-time and wirelessly linked to a remote server or designer workstation where project geometric database is stored. The PAA head-mounted camera is also able to acquire the human-driven assembly sequence and check the efficiency and correctness via object recognition: an incremental sub-assembly detection algorithm has been developed in order to achieve complex dataset monitoring.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>On the other hand, the Augmented Reality-based assembly evaluation tool allows engineers to interact directly with the assembly operator while manipulating the real and virtual prototype components. Information from the assembly planner can be displayed, directly superimposed, on the real scene by using a see-through head-mounted display. Thus the new combined software and hardware equipment may be considered a step ahead in the support of true concurrent engineering and remote collaboration, strongly improving this latter through a better heterogeneous task integration. Several tests have been performed also to achieve personnel training and warehouse part seeking.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1063293x04042469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,21]],"date-time":"2004-04-21T19:33:37Z","timestamp":1082576017000},"page":"67-77","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["A CAD-augmented Reality Integrated Environment for Assembly Sequence Check                and Interactive Validation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Liverani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEM \u2013 University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Amati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEM \u2013 University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Caligiana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DIEM \u2013 University of Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocab":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"1. Prasad, B. (1997). Concurrent Engineering Fundamentals, Vol. 1, Prentice Hall ."},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/70.768177"},{"key":"atypb3","unstructured":"3. Sharma, R. and Molineros, J. (1996). Interactive Visualization and Augmentation of Mechanical Assembly Sequencies , Proceedings of Graphics Interface \u201996, 230\u2013237 ."},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Sharma, R. and Molineros, J. (1997). Computer visionbased augmented reality for guiding manual assembly , Presence, 6(3).","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.3.292"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1997.6.4.355"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Fuhrmann, A., Gervautz, M., Loffelmann, H. and Schmalstieg, D. (1998). Collaborative Visualization in Augmented Reality , IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 18(4).","DOI":"10.1109\/38.689665"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/70.68072"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Neumann, U. and You, S. (1999). Natural Feature Tracking for Augmented Reality , IEEE Transaction on Multimedia, 1(1).","DOI":"10.1109\/6046.748171"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Neumann, U., You, S., Cho, Y., Lee, J. and Park, J. (1999). Augmented Reality Tracking in Natural Environments, Mixed Reality \u2013 Merging Real and Virtual Worlds, Chapter 6, Ohrnsha Ltd. & Springer-Verlag .","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-87512-0_6"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Billinghurst, M. and Kato, H. (1999). Collaborative Mixed Reality , In: Proceedings of First Symposium on Mixed Reality (ISMR 99) Merging Real and Virtual Words, pp. 261\u2013284 , Berlin.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-87512-0_15"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Billinghurst, M., Poupyrev, I., Kato, H. and May, R. (2004). Mixed Realities in Shared Space: An Augmented Reality Interface for Collaborative Computing , In: Proceedings of ICME 2000, IEEE, pp. 1641\u20131644 .","DOI":"10.1109\/ICME.2000.871085"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"12. Szalavari, Z., Schmalstieg, D., Fuhrmann, A. and Gervautz, M. (September 1996). \u2018Studierstube\u2019: an Environment for Collaboration in Augmented Reality , In: CVE \u201996 Workshop Proceeding, 19\u201320th September 1996, Nottingam, Great Britain."},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Reitmayr, G. and Schmalstieg, D. (2001). Mobile Collaborative Augmented Reality, In: Proc. ISAR 2001, New York, USA. Available as Technical Report TR-188-2-2001-04, Vienna University of Technology .","DOI":"10.1109\/ISAR.2001.970521"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Romney, B., Godard, C., Goldwasser, M. and Ramkumar, G. (1995). An Efficient System for Geometric Assembly Sequence Generation and Evaluation , In: Proc. ASME Int. Computers in Engineering Conference, pp. 699\u2013712 .","DOI":"10.1115\/CIE1995-0800"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Wilson, R. and Latombe, J.C. (1995). Geometric Reasoning About Mechanical Assembly , Artificial Intelligence, 71(1).","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(94)90048-5"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. Schweikard, A. and Schwarzer, F. (April 1997). General Translational Assembly Planning , In: Proceedings for the 1997 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, pp. 612\u2013619 , Albuquerque, NM.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1997.620104"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Wolter, J.D. (1989). On the Automatic Generation of Assembly Plans , In: Proceedings, 1989 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Vol. 1, pp. 62\u201368 , Scottsdale, AZ.","DOI":"10.1109\/ROBOT.1989.99968"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Woo, T.C. and Dutta, D. (May 1991). Automatic Disassembly and Total Ordering in Three Dimensions , Transactions of the ASME, 113(2): 207\u2013213 .","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2899679"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"19. Bourjault, A. (1984). Contribution a une approache methodologique de l\u2019assemblage automatise: elaboration automatique des sequences operatiores, Ph.D. dissertation, L\u2019University de Franche-Comte, France."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Boothroyd, G., Dewhurst, P. and Knight, W. (1994). Product Design for Manufacture and Assembly, New York: Marcel Dekker .","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4485(94)90082-5"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/70.75905"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. De Fazio, T., Rhee, S.J. and Whitney, D.E. (1997). A Design-specific Approach to Design-for-Assembly (DFA) for Complex Mechanical Assemblies , In: Proc. IEEE Ini. Symp. 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