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The exact underlying histomorphological features of this condition are speculative because most cases are diagnosed on clinical grounds with or without radiographic confirmation. The main documented causes of breast enlargement in men on highly active antiretroviral therapy include gynecomastia and lipomastia; however, biopsy-confirmed lipomastia is a rarely described phenomenon, with only 1 such case being described to date. In documenting 2 patients who underwent bilateral mastectomy for clinical gynecomastia of unknown cause, we emphasize the need for a greater degree of clinicopathological awareness of highly active antiretroviral therapy\u2014associated lipomastia and the role of the histopathologist in the informed management of patients afflicted with human immunodeficiency virus infection on highly active antiretroviral therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1066896907307037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,16]],"date-time":"2008-04-16T12:20:29Z","timestamp":1208348429000},"page":"171-175","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Bilateral Lipomastia in Men: A Side Effect of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Julian","family":"Deonarain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of KwaZulu Natal, National Health Laboratory Service Durban, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pratistadevi K.","family":"Ramdial","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomical Pathology, University of KwaZulu Natal, National Health Laboratory Service Durban, South Africa,"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhugwan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu Natal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,4,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"atypb1","first-page":"197S","volume":"14","author":"Mauss S.","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"atypb2","first-page":"107","volume":"21","author":"Dong KL","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199910220-00022"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/343045"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1075-122X.2004.21392.x"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2214\/ajr.181.1.1810187"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200002180-00001"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-7071(02)00439-4"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597649"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)03391-1"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)06102-4"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)79052-8"},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"396","volume":"15","author":"Gewurz BE","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS Read"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304001-00019"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/15.4.692"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"736","volume":"117","author":"Seidman JD","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Pathol Lab Med"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(97)10054-5","volume":"34","author":"Monti F.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur J Cancer"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.20171"},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Tavassoli FA Male breast lesions. 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