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Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is causally associated with many hematolymphoid malignancies. This laboratory-based study aimed to establish the prevalence of EBV in plasma cell neoplasms in a large South African cohort and to determine whether there is any correlation between EBV-positivity and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status in patients with plasma cell neoplasms, including plasma cell myeloma and plasmacytoma (solitary plasmacytoma of bone and extraosseous plasmacytoma). Methods. This single-institution retrospective study included all patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of plasma cell neoplasm between 2003 and 2020. EBV-expression in the plasma cell neoplasms was assessed by EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH) and correlated with HIV status. HIV status was determined by retrieving prior serologic results. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from HIV-unknown patients underwent HIV-1 p24 antibody testing. Results. Sixteen of 89 plasma cell neoplasms (18%) were EBV-positive. There was a significant correlation between EBV and HIV infection in plasma cell neoplasms, with 6\/10 tumors from HIV positive patients showing EBV-positivity in tumor cells. The EBV-positive cohort was significantly younger than the EBV-negative group. Conclusion. EBV-positivity in plasma cell neoplasms in this study is higher than previously reported. The significant occurrence of EBV in plasma cell neoplasms from HIV-positive patients suggests a co-carcinogenic relationship between the two viruses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969221113490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T03:47:00Z","timestamp":1659325620000},"page":"564-571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Plasma Cell Neoplasms is Higher in HIV-Positive Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0525-7134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid H","family":"Penzhorn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stellenbosch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5187-6756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johann W","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stellenbosch"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Candice","family":"Sher-Locketz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Stellenbosch"},{"name":"PathCare, Cape Town"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"McKenna R Kyle R Kuehl W et al. 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