{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T09:18:22Z","timestamp":1787649502385,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Surg Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Superficial rhabdomyosarcomas (RMS) represent a rare and diagnostically challenging group of malignant neoplasms that may arise in, involve, or metastasize to the skin. Although RMS is the most common soft tissue sarcoma of childhood, cutaneous and superficial presentations are uncommon and encompass a heterogeneous spectrum of clinicopathologic scenarios. These include primary cutaneous RMS of conventional subtypes, newly recognized molecularly defined entities such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TFCP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -rearranged RMS, rhabdomyosarcomatous transdifferentiation of primary cutaneous malignancies, and metastatic RMS to the skin. Each of these entities may closely mimic a variety of benign and malignant cutaneous tumors, leading to potential diagnostic pitfalls. This review provides a comprehensive overview of superficial RMS, with emphasis on histopathologic features, immunophenotypic profiles, molecular alterations, and key differential diagnoses relevant to dermatopathologists and surgical pathologists. Conventional primary cutaneous RMS subtypes\u2014including alveolar, embryonal, pleomorphic, and spindle cell\/sclerosing variants\u2014are discussed alongside emerging entities such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">FUS\/EWSR1::TFCP2<\/jats:italic>\n                    -rearranged RMS, which frequently demonstrate epithelial marker expression and ALK overexpression. In addition, rhabdomyosarcomatous transdifferentiation of melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma is reviewed, highlighting the importance of clinicopathologic correlation and molecular testing to avoid misclassification. Cutaneous metastases of RMS, though exceedingly rare, are also addressed. Recognition of these diverse presentations requires integration of morphologic assessment, immunohistochemistry, and increasingly, molecular diagnostics. Continued clinicopathologic studies and molecular characterization will be essential to refine classification, improve diagnostic accuracy and enhance understanding of the biologic behavior of superficial RMS.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969261424427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T14:24:58Z","timestamp":1774275898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Superficial Rhabdomyosarcomas: A Review of Subtypes, Diagnostic Features, and Differential Diagnoses"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Honaker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alberta"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5214-4813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carina A.","family":"Dehner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2025.1570070"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.24465"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199010000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.5211"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196907)24:1<18::AID-CNCR2820240103>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-019-02676-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14449"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830600575535"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","volume-title":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone","year":"2020","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of Soft Tissue and Bone. 5th ed. International Agency for Research on Cancer Press; 2020.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0344-0338(11)80330-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PAS.0000018105.32686.1F"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/mjdrdypu.mjdrdypu_337_20"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2003.20413.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.1995.tb00616.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ceo.13141"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511421490"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2011.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.28798"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2023.12.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"PDQ Pediatric Treatment Editorial Board. Childhood Rhabdomyosarcoma Treatment (PDQ\u00ae): Health Professional Version. National Cancer Institute. Updated August 15 2025. Accessed October 5 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.24387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ped4.12220"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAP.0b013e3182a92d0d"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCPA1WN7ARPCMKQ"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","first-page":"6213","article-title":"Adult pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma: a multicentre retrospective study","volume":"35","author":"Noujaim J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Noujaim J, Thway K, Jones RL, et al. Adult pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma: a multicentre retrospective study. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(11):6213\u20106217.","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyad188"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0b013e3181be6209"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2021-0183-RA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.path.2020.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2012-0465-RS"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","first-page":"13814","article-title":"Spindle cell\/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma: case series from a single institution emphasizing morphology, immunohistochemistry and follow-up","volume":"8","author":"Zhao Z","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhao Z, Yin Y, Zhang J, et al. Spindle cell\/sclerosing rhabdomyosarcoma: case series from a single institution emphasizing morphology, immunohistochemistry and follow-up. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(11):13814\u201013820.","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-018-0120-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.22050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000538"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14323"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10668969221137517"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-024-04007-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000003031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14526"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44360-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0323-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19840915)54:6<1049::AID-CNCR2820540620>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2013.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-025-07863-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-015-0624-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14545"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14806"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001236"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2018-224263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000478"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15111357"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","first-page":"339","article-title":"Immunohistochemical mismatch in a case of rhabdomyoblastic metastatic melanoma","volume":"59","author":"Dumitru AV","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dumitru AV, Tampa M\u015e, Georgescu SR, et al. Immunohistochemical mismatch in a case of rhabdomyoblastic metastatic melanoma. Rom J Morphol Embryol. 2018;59(1):339\u2010344.","journal-title":"Rom J Morphol Embryol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24129985"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modpat.2023.100165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000527"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000002390"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.15309"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-023-03606-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-199304000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.40990"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002221510008806X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.11.868"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.73592"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.54.8.656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-013-0571-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5546\/aap.2021.e349"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19870201)59:3<459::AID-CNCR2820590318>3.0.CO;2-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2014-0475-OA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctarc.2020.100282"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-670"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3332\/ecancer.2021.1304"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002382"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5021\/ad.2016.28.4.519"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/080352500750029185"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_79_2","first-page":"106","article-title":"Adult rhabdomyosarcoma with skin metastases: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy","volume":"45","author":"Simsir A","year":"2001","unstructured":"Simsir A, Ioffe OB, Henry M. Adult rhabdomyosarcoma with skin metastases: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy. Acta Cytol. 2001;45(1):106\u2010108.","journal-title":"Acta Cytol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/07357900009031827"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19850601)55:11<2543::AID-CNCR2820551105>3.0.CO;2-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000564"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-019-0301-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-00684-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12105-021-01285-w"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Surgical Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10668969261424427","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/10668969261424427","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/10668969261424427","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:18:45Z","timestamp":1787645925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/10668969261424427"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"references-count":84,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/10668969261424427"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10668969261424427","relation":{},"ISSN":["1066-8969","1940-2465"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1066-8969","type":"print"},{"value":"1940-2465","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"article-number":"10668969261424427"}}